"Liu Xiu" redirects here. For the astronomer and scholar, see Liu Xin (scholar).
"Guangwu" redirects here. For other uses, see Guangwu (disambiguation).
Emperor Guangwu of Han 漢光武帝
Emperor Guangwu, as depicted by the Tang artist Yan Liben (600–673)
Emperor of the Han dynasty
Reign
5 August AD 25[1] – 29 March AD 57
Predecessor
Gengshi Emperor
Successor
Emperor Ming
Born
15 January 5 BC Jiyang County, Chenliu Commandery
Died
29 March AD 57 (aged 62) Luoyang
Consorts
Empress Guanglie
Guo Shengtong
Issue
Liu Ying, King of Chu
Emperor Ming
Names
Family name: Liu (劉)
Given name: Xiu (秀)
Courtesy name: Wenshu (文叔)
Era dates
Jianwu (建武): AD 25–56
Jianwu Zhongyuan (建武中元): AD 56–58
Posthumous name
Emperor Guangwu (光武皇帝)
Temple name
Shizu (世祖)
Dynasty
Eastern Han
Father
Liu Qin
Mother
Fan Xiandou
Emperor Guangwu of Han
Traditional Chinese
漢光武帝
Simplified Chinese
汉光武帝
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Hàn Guāngwǔ dì
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Hann Guangwuu dih
Wade–Giles
Han4 Kuang1-wu3 ti4
IPA
[xân kwáŋ.ù tî]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hòhn Gwōng-móuh daih
Jyutping
Hon4 Gwong1-mou5 dai6
Southern Min
Tâi-lô
Hàn Kng-bú tè
Emperor Guangwu of Han (Chinese: 漢光武帝; 15 January 5 BC – 29 March AD 57),[2] born Liu Xiu (劉秀), courtesy name Wenshu (文叔), was a Chinese monarch. He served as an emperor of the Han dynasty by restoring the dynasty in AD 25, thus founding the Eastern Han dynasty. He ruled over parts of China at first since his dynasty was formed through rebellion against the short-lived Xin dynasty, and through suppression and conquest of regional warlords, the whole of China proper was consolidated by the time of his death in AD 57. During his reign, Taoism was made the official religion of China, and the Chinese folk religion began to decline.
Liu Xiu was one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family. Following the usurpation of the Han throne by Wang Mang and the ensuing civil war during the disintegration of Wang's Xin dynasty, he emerged as one of several descendants of the fallen dynasty claiming the imperial throne. After assembling forces and proclaiming himself emperor in the face of competitors, he was able to defeat his rivals, destroy the peasant army of the Chimei, known for their disorganization and marauding, and finally reunify China in AD 36.
He established his capital in Luoyang, 335 kilometers (208 mi) east of the former capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an), ushering in the Eastern Han (Later Han) dynasty. He implemented some reforms (notably land reform, albeit not very successfully) aimed at correcting some of the structural imbalances responsible for the downfall of the Former/Western Han. His reforms gave a new 200-year lease of life to the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Guangwu's campaigns featured many able generals, but curiously, he lacked major strategists. That may very well be because he himself appeared to be a brilliant strategist; he often instructed his generals on strategy from afar, and his predictions generally would be accurate. This was often emulated by later emperors who fancied themselves great strategists but who actually lacked Emperor Guangwu's brilliance—usually to disastrous results.
Also unique among emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Guangwu's combination of decisiveness and mercy. He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control. He was, in particular, one rare example of a founding emperor of a dynasty who did not kill, out of jealousy or paranoia, any of the generals or officials who contributed to his victories after his rule was secure.
^Proclaimed himself emperor on 5 August AD 25, but was not in control of the whole of China until 25 December AD 36 when the last city escaping his control, Chengdu, surrendered to his army.
^Bielenstein, 245.
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