It has been suggested that Ekman spiral be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2024.
Force equilibrium layer in a liquid
The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where the flow is the result of a balance between pressure gradient, Coriolis and turbulent drag forces. In the picture above, the wind blowing North creates a surface stress and a resulting Ekman spiral is found below it in the column of water.
The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first described by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Ekman layers occur both in the atmosphere and in the ocean.
There are two types of Ekman layers. The first type occurs at the surface of the ocean and is forced by surface winds, which act as a drag on the surface of the ocean. The second type occurs at the bottom of the atmosphere and ocean, where frictional forces are associated with flow over rough surfaces.
The Ekmanlayer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first...
{\displaystyle d} is defined as the thickness of the Ekmanlayer. A number of important properties of the Ekman spiral will follow from this solution: When z...
Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation...
the wind is affected by surface drag and turns across the isobars (see Ekmanlayer for more detail). Typically, due to aerodynamic drag, there is a wind...
inertia), an Ekmanlayer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously...
also describes the order of magnitude for the thickness of an Ekmanlayer, a boundary layer in which viscous diffusion is balanced by Coriolis effects,...
clergyman Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954), Swedish oceanographer EkmanlayerEkman spiral Ekman current meter Ekman transport Ekman number Ekman water bottle Eckman...
oceanographer Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954). Through vertical eddy viscosity, winds act directly and frictionally on the Ekmanlayer, which typically is the...
leads to Ekman divergence (convergence), and water must rise from beneath to replace the old Ekmanlayer water. The expression for this Ekman pumping velocity...
Vagn Walfrid Ekman (3 May 1874 – 9 March 1954) was a Swedish oceanographer. Born in Stockholm to Fredrik Laurentz Ekman, himself an oceanographer, he became...
verification] This layer where friction slows and changes the wind is known as the planetary boundary layer, sometimes the Ekmanlayer, and it is thickest...
cylinder. The Stewartson layer, typically, also connects different Ekman boundary layers in the axial direction. The layer was first identified by Ian...
as the Ekman balance. Some important assumptions that underlie the Ekman balance are that there are no boundaries, an infinitely deep water layer, constant...
The wind-driven horizontal transport in the mixed layer is approximately described by EkmanLayer dynamics in which vertical diffusion of momentum balances...
across the Ekmanlayer to be 90° to the right of wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere and 90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Ekman transport...
Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy EkmanlayerEkman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model...
gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced Ekmanlayer. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. North Atlantic Deep...
western boundary currents, since some form of dissipative effect (bottom Ekmanlayer) would be later shown to be necessary to predict a closed circulation...
had his student, Vagn Walfrid Ekman, investigate. Ekman, who later described the effect now bearing his name as the Ekman spiral, demonstrated the effect...
are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see secondary circulation effects. Ekman transport results in the net transport of surface water 90 degrees to the...
model the Ekmanlayer flow and fluxes. The linear approximation, the eddy diffusivity equation with an eddy diffusion coefficient K, allowed Ekman to obtain...
friction with a time constant of about 7 days, the spin-down time of the Ekmanlayer. This spin-down time is the characteristic time for the transfer of atmospheric...
Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy EkmanlayerEkman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model...
direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport. Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from...
Theory on the formation of rivers due to Earth's rotation Ekmanlayer – Force equilibrium layer in a liquid Secondary flow – Relatively minor flow superimposed...
return flow in the cells' lower branch is balanced by friction in the Ekmanlayer, the balance in Jupiter in yet unknown, but one possibility is that the...
Ekmanlayer The layer in a fluid in which there is a force balance between the pressure-gradient force, the Coriolis force, and turbulent drag. Ekman...
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