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Name
Proto-Germanic
Old English
*Ē2haz / *Ē2waz
Ēoh
"yew"
Shape
Elder Futhark
Futhorc
Unicode
ᛇ
U+16C7
Transliteration
ï
ï
Transcription
ï
ï
IPA
[iː],[ç]?
[iː],[x],[ç]
Position in rune-row
13
This article contains runic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes.
Eiwaz or Eihaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the rune ᛇ, coming from a word for "yew". Two variants of the word are reconstructed for Proto-Germanic, *īhaz (*ē2haz, from Proto-Indo-European *eikos), continued in Old English as ēoh (also īh), and *īwaz (*ē2waz, from Proto-Indo-European *eiwos), continued in Old English as īw (whence English yew). The latter is possibly an early loan from the Celtic, compare Gaulish ivos, Breton ivin, Welsh ywen, Old Irish ēo. The common spelling of the rune's name, "Eihwaz", combines the two variants; strictly based on the Old English evidence, a spelling "Eihaz" would be more proper.
Following the convention of Wolfgang Krause, the rune's standard transliteration today is ï, though this designation is somewhat arbitrary as the rune's purpose and origin is still not well understood. Elmer Antonsen and Leo Connolly theorized that the rune originally stood for a Proto-Germanic vowel lost by the time of the earliest known runic inscriptions, though they put forth different vowels (Antonsen put forth [æː] while Connolly put forth [ɨ(ː)]). Ottar Grønvik proposed [ç]. Tineke Looijenga postulates the rune was originally a bindrune of ᛁ and ᛃ, having the sound value of [ji(ː)] or [i(ː)j]. [1]
The rune survives in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc as ᛇĒoh or Īh "yew" (note that ᛖ eoh "horse" has a short diphthong). In futhorc inscriptions Ēoh appears as both a vowel around /iː/, and as a consonant around [x] and [ç]. As a vowel, Ēoh shows up in jïslheard (ᛡᛇᛋᛚᚻᛠᚱᛞ) on the Dover Stone. As a consonant, Ēoh shows up in almeïttig (ᚪᛚᛗᛖᛇᛏᛏᛁᚷ) on the Ruthwell Cross.[2]
The Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads:
ᛇEoh bẏþ utan unsmeþe treoƿ,
heard hrusan fæst, hẏrde fẏres,
ƿẏrtrumun underƿreþẏd, ƿẏn on eþle.
The yew is a tree with rough bark,
hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots,
a guardian of flame and a joy on native land.
^Mees, Bernard (2011). "The Yew Rune, Yogh and Yew". University of Leeds. p. 54.
^Waxenberger, Gaby (2006). Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 391–394. ISBN 8763504286.
ivin, Welsh ywen, Old Irish ēo. The common spelling of the rune's name, "Eihwaz", combines the two variants; strictly based on the Old English evidence...
did not inherit this name at all, but acquired the name of the obsolete Eihwaz rune, as yr. The only independent evidence of the Elder Futhark rune's name...
used the stage names Weltenfeind, Savant M, General K, Drakul Azacain, and Eihwaz WeltenFeind. Forwald played in Desolation, Archon, and Maleficum. He joined...
used by the Nazis and subsequently by neo-Nazis include forms derived from Eihwaz, Tiwaz, Algiz and Othala. The death's head appears on the SS-Ehrenring presented...
ring of growths of yew, since their heart has long since rotted away. The Eihwaz rune is named after the yew, and sometimes also associated with the "evergreen"...
excluding the horizontal bar) bears a visual resemblance to the proto-Germanic Eihwaz rune (meaning "yew"), historically part of the ancient runic alphabet. However...
Zeal/enthusiasm The Eif rune is a rotated and reflected version of the ᛇ or Eihwaz rune. During the early years of the SS it was used by Adolf Hitler's personal...
The exceptions to this are: yr which continues the name of the unrelated Eihwaz rune; thurs and kaun, in which cases the Old Norse, Anglo-Saxon and Gothic...
Schutzstaffel badge, sometimes confused with or used interchangeably with Eihwaz Tyr rune was on the badge of the SA Reichsführerschulen in Nazi Germany...
Scandinavian dynasty. The ŋ rune (with variants and ) together with Peorð and Eihwaz is among the problematic cases of runes of uncertain derivation unattested...
letters – various letters of the runic alphabet – particularly the Algiz, Eihwaz, Odal, Sowilō, and Tiwaz runes – have been used by various neo-nazi and...
Iwaz may refer to: Eihwaz, proto-Germanic word for Yew ‘Iwaz, alternate name of Evaz, a city in Iran This disambiguation page lists articles associated...
dictionary. Eoh or EOH may refer to: Ehwaz or Eoh (ᛖ), meaning "horse", a rune Eihwaz or Ēoh (ᛇ), meaning "yew", a rune ㅓ, one of the Korean hangul Earlville...
There is, for example, the background of Crimrose and Ivis, the story of Eihwaz, or the meeting between Eris and Resha among others. Upon entering the game...
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