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Kingdoms in the Qin-Han interregnum
Approximate location of the Eighteen Kingdoms.
The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms" (Chinese: 十八國), also translated as "Eighteen States", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty.[1] The establishment and abolishment of the Eighteen Kingdoms marked the beginning and end of a turbulent interregnum known as the Chu–Han Contention.
The details of the feudal division are as follows:
Name
Name (Chinese)
Ruler
Areas covered (in present-day China)
Fate
Western Chu
西楚
Xiang Yu
Jiangsu, northern Anhui, northern Zhejiang, eastern and southern Henan
Defeated by Liu Bang
Hàn
漢/汉
Liu Bang
Sichuan, Chongqing, southern Shaanxi
Yong[a]
雍
Zhang Han (Qin general)
central Shaanxi, and eastern Gansu
Defeated by Liu Bang
Sai[a]
塞
Sima Xin (Qin general)
northeastern Shaanxi
Defeated by Liu Bang
Di[a]
翟
Dong Yi (Qin general)
northern Shaanxi
Defeated by Liu Bang
Hengshan
衡山
Wu Rui (Qin official supported by Yue tribes)
eastern Hubei, Jiangxi
Allies with Liu Bang
Hán
韓
Han Cheng (Hán royalty)
southwestern Henan
Zhao, briefly called Dai
趙/代
Zhao Xie (Zhao royalty)
northern Shanxi, northwestern Hebei
Defeated by Liu Bang
Henan
河南
Shen Yang (Zhao official)
northwestern Henan
Changshan
常山
Zhang Er (Zhao vice chancellor)
central Hebei
Allies with Liu Bang
Yin
殷
Sima Ang (Zhao general)
northern Henan, southern Hebei
Allies with Liu Bang
Western Wei
西魏
Wei Bao (Wei royalty)
southern Shanxi
Defeated by Liu Bang
Jiujiang
九江
Ying Bu (Chu general)
central and southern Anhui
Allies with Liu Bang (surrendered, originally a Chu general)
Linjiang
臨江
Gong Ao (Chu general)
western Hubei, northern Hunan
Yan
燕
Zang Tu (Yan general)
northern Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin
Allies with Liu Bang
Liaodong
遼東
Han Guang (Yan royalty)
southern Liaoning
Surrendered to Liu Bang
Qi[b]
齊 or 齐
Tian Du (Qi general)
western and central Shandong
Defeated by Liu Bang
Jiaodong[b]
膠東
Tian Fu (Qi royalty)
eastern Shandong
Jibei[b]
濟北
Tian An (Qi rebel leader)
northern Shandong
The Eighteen Kingdoms were short-lived. Almost immediately rebellion broke out in Qi, after which Tian Rong conquered Jiaodong and Jibei, reuniting the old Qi state[citation needed]. Meanwhile, Xiang Yu had Emperor Yi of Chu and King Han Cheng of Hán killed. Thereafter, Liu Bang of Hàn conquered the lands of the Three Qins, thereby formally starting the Chu–Han Contention. Following many battles and changing alliances, Hàn defeated Chu and subdued all other kingdoms, where Liu Bang appointed vassal kings while making himself the first Emperor of the Han dynasty in 202 BCE.
^林达礼，中华五千年大事记， 台南大孚书局, 1982, p. 56
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