SAFTA, SAARC, BIMSTEC, WTO, AIIB, IMF, Commonwealth of Nations, World Bank, ADB, Developing-8
Country group
Developing/Emerging[1]
Lower-middle income economy[2]
Statistics
Population
169,800,000 (2022)[3]
GDP
$455 billion (nominal; 2024)[4]
$1.619 trillion (PPP; 2024)[4]
GDP rank
35th (nominal; 2024)
25th (PPP; 2024)
GDP growth
6.0% (2023)[5]
5.7% (2024f)[5]
6.6% (2025f)[5]
GDP per capita
$2,646 (nominal, 2024)[4]
$9,416 (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank
139th (nominal, 2024)
126th (PPP, 2024)
GDP by sector
Agriculture: 12.91% [6]
Industry: 29.54% [7]
Services: 53.40% [8]
(FY2020)[9]
Inflation (CPI)
9.89% (January 2024)[10]
Population below poverty line
18.7% (2024)[11]
5.6% living in extreme poverty (2024)[11] 6.5% (rural) ; 3.8% (urban)
Gini coefficient
31.8 medium (2022)[12]
Human Development Index
0.670medium (2024)[13] (129th)
0.503 low IHDI (2021)[14]
Labor force
65,000,000 (2024)
Female 31.1%
Male 68.9% [15]
55.8% employment rate (2017)[16]
Labor force by occupation
Agriculture: 40.6%
Industry: 20.4%
Services: 39.6%
(2017 est.)[17]
Unemployment
3.53%
(2024)[18]
Main industries
Textiles
Pharmaceutical Products
Electronics
Shipbuilding
Automotive
Bicycle
Leather
Jute
Glass
Paper
Plastic
Food and Beverages
Cement
Tea
Rice
Natural Gas and Crude Petroleum
Iron and Steel
External
Exports
$60.5 billion (2024)[19][20][21][22]
Export goods
Cotton textiles and knitwear,[23][24] jute and jute goods,[23][24] fish and seafood,[24] leather and leather goods, home textiles,
pharmaceuticals, processed food,[25] plastics, bicycles[24]
Main export partners
Germany(+) 16%
United States(+) 15.2%
United Kingdom(+) 7.41%
Spain(+) 7.17%
Poland(+) 5.552%
France(+) 4.2%
Netherlands(+) 3.55%
Italy(+) 3.36% (2020)[26][27]
Imports
$70.1 billion (2024)[28]
Import goods
Liquified natural gas, crude oil and petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, cotton, foodstuffs
Main import partners
China(+) 21.5%
India(+) 12.2%
Singapore(+) 9.2%
European Union(+) 6.2%
Hong Kong(+) 5.5%
Other 45.3%[29]
FDI stock
$22.08 billion (March 2022)[30]
Abroad: $309.6 million (31 December 2017 est.)[31]
Current account
−$18.697 billion
-4.2% of GDP
(F.Y. 2021-22)[32][33]
Gross external debt
$110 billion
(F.Y. 2024)[34]
Public finances
Government debt
40.7% of GDP (November 2021)[35]
Budget balance
−3.2% of GDP (2017 est.)[31]
Revenues
৳433000 crore (US$40 billion) (2022-2023)[36]
Expenses
৳678064 crore (US$63 billion) (2022-2023)[36]
Credit rating
List of ratings
Standard & Poor's:[37]
BB− (Domestic)
BB− (Foreign)
BB− (T&C Assessment)
Outlook: Negative
Moody's:[38][39]
B1
Outlook: Stable
Fitch:[40]
BB−
Outlook: Negative
Foreign reserves
$20 billion (2024)[41] (63rd)
Main data source:CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
The economy of Bangladesh is a major developing market economy.[42] As the second-largest economy in South Asia,[43][44] Bangladesh's economy is the 35th largest in the world in nominal terms, and 25th largest by purchasing power parity. Bangladesh is seen by various financial institutions as one of the Next Eleven. It has been transitioning from being a frontier market into an emerging market. Bangladesh is a member of the South Asian Free Trade Area and the World Trade Organization. In fiscal year 2021–2022, Bangladesh registered a GDP growth rate of 7.2% after the global pandemic.[45] Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
Industrialisation in Bangladesh received a strong impetus after the partition of India due to labour reforms and new industries.[46] Between 1947 and 1971, East Bengal generated between 70% and 50% of Pakistan's exports.[47][48] Modern Bangladesh embarked on economic reforms in the late 1970s which promoted free markets and foreign direct investment. By the 1990s, the country had a booming ready-made garments industry. As of 16 March 2024, Bangladesh has the highest number of green garment factories in the world with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification from the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), where 80 are platinum-rated, 119 are gold-rated, 10 are silver, and four are without any rating.[49] As of 06 March 2024, Bangladesh is home to 54 of the top 100 LEED Green Garment Factories globally, including 9 out of the top 10, and 18 out of the top 20.[50] As of 27 April 2024, Bangladesh has a growing pharmaceutical industry with 12 percent average annual growth rate. Bangladesh is the only nation among the 48 least-developed countries that is almost self-sufficient when it comes to medicine production as local companies meet 98 percent of the domestic demand for pharmaceuticals.[51] Remittances from the large Bangladeshi diaspora became a vital source of foreign exchange reserves.[52] Agriculture in Bangladesh is supported by government subsidies and ensures self-sufficiency in food production.[53][54] Bangladesh has pursued export-oriented industrialisation.[55][56]
Bangladesh experienced robust growth after the pandemic with macroeconomic stability, improvements in infrastructure, a growing digital economy, and growing trade flows.[57] Tax collection remains very low, with tax revenues accounting for only 7.7% of GDP.[58] Bangladesh's banking sector has a large amount of non-performing loans or loan defaults, which have caused a lot of concern.[58][59] The private sector makes up 80% of GDP.[60][61] The Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange are the two stock markets of the country.[62] Most Bangladeshi businesses are privately owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) which make up 90% of all businesses.[63]
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^ abcd"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
^ abcWORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK Steady but Slow: Resilience amid Divergence. International Monetary Fund (Report). p. 142. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
^"Agriculture, forestry, fishing, value added (% of GDP)". The World Bank. World Bank. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^"Agriculture, forestry, fishing, value added (% of GDP)". The World Bank. World Bank. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^"Agriculture, forestry, fishing, value added (% of GDP)". The World Bank. World Bank. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh (Final) 2019-20 (PDF) (Report) (Final ed.). Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 18 September 2018. p. 2. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^"January sees resurgence in inflation following December dip". The Business Standard. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ ab"KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022" (PDF) (Press release). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. pp. 15, 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
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^ ab"Bangladesh (BGD) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC".
^ abcdMost Exported Products of Bangladesh
^"Processed food exports cross $1bn". 19 November 2022.
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^Paul, Ruma; Kumar, Manoj. "Bangladesh's 2021/2022 current account deficit widens as import surges". Reuters. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^"Bangladesh's foreign debt more than triples in 10 years". The Business Standard. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^"There's still space for raising public debt". The Daily Star. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^ ab"FY2022-23 budget at a glance". www.tbsnews.net. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
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^"Moody's credit rating downgrade: What does it mean for Bangladesh?". The Business Standard. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
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^"Forex reserve dips to $20.38b again". New Age. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^
—Riaz, Ali; Rahman, Mohammad Sajjadur (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh. Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-317-30876-8.
—Thorp, John P. (1986). "Bangladesh, Bangladesh!—A Review Article". The Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (4). Cambridge University Press: 789–796. doi:10.2307/2056087. JSTOR 2056087. S2CID 159085593.
—Siddiqi, Dina M. “Miracle Worker or Womanmachine? Tracking (Trans)National Realities in Bangladeshi Factories.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 35, no. 21/22, Economic and Political Weekly, 2000, pp. L11–17, JSTOR 4409325.
—Paksha Paul, B. (2010), "Does corruption foster growth in Bangladesh?", International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 246-262. doi:10.1108/14468951011073325
—Chowdhury, M.S. (2007), "Overcoming entrepreneurship development constraints: the case of Bangladesh", Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 240-251. doi:10.1108/17506200710779549
—Bashar, Omar K. M. R., and Habibullah Khan. “Liberalisation and Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical Investigation.” The Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 2009, pp. 61–76, JSTOR 40795710.
—Ahamed, Md Mostak. “Market Structure and Performance of Bangladesh Banking Industry: A Panel Data Analysis.” The Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 35, no. 3, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 2012, pp. 1–18, JSTOR 41968823.
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^Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed (18 March 2022). "Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
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^"2 more factories get LEED Gold certification". The Business Standard. 16 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
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^Chakma, Jagaran (27 April 2024). "Starting from nowhere, pharma sector becomes a lifesaver". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
^"Big drops in remittance, exports make reserves struggle harsher". The Business Standard. 2 October 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
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^Khatun, Fahmida (13 July 2020). "Ensuring food security for all". The Daily Star.
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^Khatun, Fahmida (26 March 2021). "50 Years of Bangladesh: Accelerating export-led industrialisation". The Daily Star.
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^Express, The Financial. "Next-gen growth hinges on timely policies for private sector". The Financial Express.
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^"ICAB". www.icab.org.bd.
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