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ELMo (embeddings from language model) is a word embedding method for representing a sequence of words as a corresponding sequence of vectors.[1] Character-level tokens are taken as the inputs to a bidirectional LSTM which produces word-level embeddings. Like BERT (but unlike the word embeddings produced by "bag of words" approaches, and earlier vector approaches such as Word2Vec and GloVe), ELMo embeddings are context-sensitive, producing different representations for words that share the same spelling but have different meanings (homonyms) such as "bank" in "river bank" and "bank balance".[2]
ELMo's innovation stems from its utilization of bidirectional language models. Unlike their predecessors, these models process language in forward and backwards directions. By considering a word's entire context, bidirectional models capture a more comprehensive understanding of its meaning. This holistic approach to language representation enables ELMo to encode nuanced meanings that might be missed in unidirectional models.[3]
It was created by researchers at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence,[4] and University of Washington and first released in February, 2018.
^Peters ME, Neumann M, Iyyer M, Gardner M, Clark C, Lee K, Zettlemoyer L (2018). "Deep contextualized word representations". arXiv:1802.05365 [cs.CL].
^"How to use ELMo Embedding in Bidirectional LSTM model architecture?". www.insofe.edu.in. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^Van Otten, Neri (26 December 2023). "Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo): Contextual Embeddings A Powerful Shift In NLP".
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