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Duke Zhuang of Zheng (Chinese: 鄭莊公; 757–701 BC) was the third ruler of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji (姬), given name Wusheng (寤生), which means "difficult birth" with breech presentation.[1][a] In 743 BC, he became the duke of Zheng, and later defeated his younger brother Gongshu Duan, who had led a rebellion against him. Duke Zhuang led military campaigns in the name of the Zhou king against the Rong people and other Zhou states. He was considered by later scholars to have a Machiavellian attitude towards governance.
^Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (《教育部國語辭典》), "entry 寤生", quote: (難產，生產時胎兒腳部先出來。)
^Ni Shuoyao & Zhao Wenting (2023). "The Interpretation of Duke Zhuang Wu Sheng in Zuo Zhuan and the Superstition Behind It", Proceedings of the 2022 4th International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Development (ICLAHD 2022). Series:
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Publisher:Atlantis Press. Open access.
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