For other uses, see Dinocephalia (disambiguation).
Dinocephalia
Temporal range: Early - Middle Permian, 279.5–260 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Restoration of two genera of dinocephalians : Titanophoneus (an anteosaur) devouring a Ulemosaurus (a tapinocephalian).
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Synapsida
Clade:
Therapsida
Suborder:
†Dinocephalia Seeley, 1894
Subgroups
See Taxonomy
Dinocephalians (terrible heads) are a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished in the Early and Middle Permian between 279.5 and 260 million years ago (Ma),[1][2] but became extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction event. Dinocephalians included herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous forms.[3] Many species had thickened skulls with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalians were the first non-mammalian therapsids to be scientifically described[4] and their fossils are known from Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania.[5][6]
^Day, Michael O.; Guven, Saniye; Abdala, Fernando; Jirah, Sifelani; Rubidge, Bruce; Almond, John (2015). "Youngest dinocephalian fossils extend the Tapinocephalus Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 111: 1–5.
^"Driveria". Fossilworks.
^Nicolas, Merrill; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2010). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa". Lethaia. 43: 45–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.
^Kammerer, Christian F. (13 December 2010). "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (2): 261–304. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.492645.
^Angielczyk, K.D. (2009). "Dimetrodon is not a dinosaur: Using tree thinking to understand the ancient relatives of mammals and their evolution". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4.
^Simon, Rachel V.; Sidor, Christian A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M.H. (2010). "First record of a Tempinocephalid (Therapsida: Dinocephalia) from the Ruhuhu Formation (Songea Group) of Southern Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1289–1293. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483549. S2CID 131447562.
Six major groups of therapsids are generally recognized: Biarmosuchia, Dinocephalia, Anomodontia, Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia, and Cynodontia. A clade uniting...
Kammerer, C. F. (2011). "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (2): 261–304. Bibcode:2011JSPal...
the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). 283: 200. "Therapsida: Dinocephalia: Estemmenosuchidae". Palaeos. Retrieved 23 October 2015. Ruben, J.A.;...
main interpretations of their evolutionary relationships with other Dinocephalia. Hopson and Barghusen in 1986, who provided the first cladistic study...
December 2017). "Osteomyelitis in a 265-million-year-old titanosuchid (Dinocephalia, Therapsida)". Historical Biology. 31 (8): 1093–1096. doi:10.1080/08912963...
referred to by its single known species Styracocephalus platyrhynchus. The Dinocephalia clade consisted of the largest land vertebrates and herbivores during...
minerals for antler growth. Many Pachycephalosauria and most members of the Dinocephalia clade of therapsids had thickened skull bones, probably used in head-butting...
a 1988 review of the Anomodontia (including the Dinocephalia - however the view that the Dinocephalia are a subset of the Anomodontia is no longer held)...
The largest prehistoric animals include both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Many of them are described below, along with their typical range of size...
and Russia are dominated by therapsids, most abundantly by the diverse Dinocephalia. Dinocephalians become extinct at the end of the Middle Permian, during...
Ontogeny, and Phylogenetic Position of Sinophoneus yumenensis (Therapsida, Dinocephalia) from the Middle Permian Dashankou Fauna of China". Journal of Vertebrate...
†Raranimus †Biarmosuchia see Biarmosuchia †Dinocephalia see Dinocephalia †Anomodontia see Anomodontia includes dicynodonts †Gorgonopsia see Gorgonopsia...
†Raranimus †Biarmosuchia see Biarmosuchia †Dinocephalia see Dinocephalia †Anomodontia see Anomodontia includes dicynodonts †Gorgonopsia see Gorgonopsia...
†Raranimus †Biarmosuchia see Biarmosuchia †Dinocephalia see Dinocephalia †Anomodontia see Anomodontia includes dicynodonts †Gorgonopsia see Gorgonopsia...
Kammerer, Christian F. (2011). "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (2): 261–304. doi:10.1080/14772019...
Cladogram modified from Angielczyk and Kammerer (2017): Theriodont Dinocephalia Biarmosuchians Evolution of mammals Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009)...
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