Failed attempt to racially diversify American public schools
"Busing" redirects here. For other uses, see Busing (disambiguation).
Integrated busing in Charlotte, North Carolina, February 1973
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Desegregation busing (also known simply as busing or integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was a failed attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by sending students to school districts other than their own.[1] While the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, many American schools continued to remain largely racially homogeneous. In an effort to address the ongoing de facto segregation in schools, the 1971 Supreme Court decision, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, ruled that the federal courts could use busing as a further integration tool to achieve racial balance.[2]
Busing met considerable opposition from both white and black people.[3][4] The policy resulted in the movement of large numbers of white families to suburbs of large cities, a phenomenon known as white flight, which further reduced the effectiveness of the policy.[5] Many whites who stayed moved their children into private or parochial schools; these effects combined to make many urban school districts predominantly non-white, reducing any effectiveness mandatory busing may have had.[5]
^Zhao, Christina (June 27, 2019). "What is busing? Joe Biden forced to defend record of segregation in face of Kamala Harris attacks". Newsweek. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
^Theoharis, George (October 23, 2015). "'Forced busing' didn't fail. Desegregation is the best way to improve our schools". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^Formisano, Ronald P. (January 2012). Boston Against Busing : Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6970-3. OCLC 1058531778.
^Delmont, Matthew F. (2016). Why busing failed : race, media, and the national resistance to school desegregation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-28425-8. OCLC 1107279446.
^ abFrum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 252–264. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
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