Turkish soldiers with civilians who official documents say were internally exiled; Salman Yeşildağ said they included his sister and were executed after the photo was taken.[1]
The Dersim massacre[2][3] (also known as Dersim genocide)[4][5][6][7][8] was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province (renamed Tunceli) against Kurdish Alevi rebels and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages,[9] thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey.[10] Twenty tons of “Chloracetophenon, Iperit and so on” were ordered and used in the massacre.[11][12][13]
On 23 November 2011, Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan apologized for the massacre, describing it as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" adding that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality "an operation which was planned step by step". However, this is viewed with suspicion by some, "who see it as an opportunistic move against the main opposition party, the secular CHP."[14]
^"'Dersim Katliamı'ndaki o fotoğrafın sırrı ortaya çıktı". Radikal. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^Strasser, Sabine; Akçınar, Mustafa (2017). "Dersim Across Borders: Political Transmittances Between the Kurdish-Turkish Province Tunceli and Europe". Migration and Social Remittances in a Global Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–163. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60126-1_7. ISBN 978-1-137-60126-1.
^Çelik, Filiz (1 January 2013). "Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma: The Case of the Dersim Massacre 1937-38". Is This a Culture of Trauma? An Interdisciplinary Perspective: 63–75. doi:10.1163/9781848881624_008. ISBN 9781848881624.
^Ayata, Bilgin; Hakyemez, Serra (2013). "The AKP's engagement with Turkey's past crimes: an analysis of PM Erdoğan's "Dersim apology"". Dialectical Anthropology. 37 (1): 131–143. doi:10.1007/s10624-013-9304-3. ISSN 1573-0786. S2CID 144503079.
^Deniz, Dilşa (2020). "Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 14 (2): 20–43. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728. ISSN 1911-0359.
^Ilengiz, Çiçek (2019). "Erecting a Statue in the Land of the Fallen: Gendered Dynamics of the Making of Tunceli and Commemorating Seyyid Rıza in Dersim". L'Homme. 30 (2): 75–92. doi:10.14220/lhom.2019.30.2.75. S2CID 213908434.
^Erbal, Ayda (2015). "The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 47 (4): 783–790. doi:10.1017/S0020743815000987. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 43998041. S2CID 162834123.
^Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020). "Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 14 (2). doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p> (inactive 7 May 2024). ISSN 1911-0359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
^Basaranlar, Burak (2 November 2022). "Pragmatic coexistence: local responses to the state intrusion in Dersim during the early Republican period of Turkey (1938–1950)". Middle Eastern Studies. 58 (6): 931–949. doi:10.1080/00263206.2022.2028623. ISSN 0026-3206. notes that "Dersim rebellion" is a label applied by some and contested by others
^"16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present)". Uca.edu. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^Aksoy, Gürdal (7 March 2020). ""Gas at 'Home,' Gas in the World, On the Use of Poison Gas by the Turkish State in Dersim"". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^kahraman, sevim (3 May 2019). "Dersim Katliamı'nda kullanılan zehirli gazlar Almanya'dan alınmış- VİDEO". PİRHA (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020). "Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 14 (2). doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p> (inactive 7 May 2024). ISSN 1911-0359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
^"Turkey PM Erdogan apologises for 1930s Kurdish killings". BBC News. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
^Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
^Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
The Dersimmassacre (also known as Dersim genocide) was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province...
Tunceli Province (Turkish: Tunceli ili), formerly Dersim Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Dêrsim; Zazaki: Dêsim wilayet; Armenian: Դերսիմի մարզ), is a province...
name with the military operation under which the Dersimmassacre was conducted. The province of Dersim (or Dêsim) was renamed Tunceli in 1935, as was the...
2011, because the incident regarding the application made was the DersimMassacre, "an event related to the issue of public order", that it could not...
University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780521769914. OCLC 870196866. "Dersimmassacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Archived...
deportations in the Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide, Greek genocide, the DersimMassacre, and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon. The Ottomans reinforced their...
discussed the massacres of the Kurds, such as the Zilan massacre of 1930, the Dersimmassacre in 1938, and the Thirty-three bullets massacre, when he published...
1937) was an Alevi Kurdish political leader of Dersim, a religious figure and the leader of the Dersim rebellion. Riza was born in Lirtik, a village in...
Hans-Lukas (2016-01-19). "DersimMassacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html. Retrieved...
violence against Kurds from the 1925 Sheikh Said conflict to the 1938 Dersimmassacre"; the 1934 Thrace pogroms, through the 1955 Istanbul pogrom against...
News. 22 December 2017. "DersimMassacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html. 19 January...
nearby villages in the worst massacre in living memory. The first massacre that targeted Alevi Kurds was the DersimMassacre in 1938. Later, during the...
161. "Dersim '38 Conference" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2020. "The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion...
University. Retrieved 1 June 2023. "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü" [Dersimmassacre in official reports: 13 thousand people were killed]...
Kurdish Alevis who fled the persecution of the Turkish Army during the DersimMassacre, settled in Mabeta. Kurd Mountain is known locally as Çiyayê Kurmênc...
and the Dersim Rebellion, massacres have periodically been committed against the Kurds, with one prominent incident being the Zilan Massacre. The Turkish...
orientation of Kurds. During the Republican era and especially after the Dersimmassacre, Kurdish geographical name changes became more common. During the Turkish...
Kurdish Alevis who fled the persecution of the Turkish army during the Dersimmassacre, settled in Mabeta. Under the French Mandate of Syria, newly-arriving...
The Simele massacre (Arabic: مذبحة سميل, romanized: maḏbaḥat Simīl), also known as the Assyrian affair, was committed by the Kingdom of Iraq, led by Bakr...
Koçgiri rebellion in 1921 and the Dersim rebellion in 1937–1938. Kurdish Alevis were also the main victims of the Maraş massacre in 1978. The heartland and sacred...
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