Bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification
A dermal bone or investing bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming components of the vertebrate skeleton, including much of the skull, jaws, gill covers, shoulder girdle, fin rays (lepidotrichia), and the shells of turtles and armadillos. In contrast to endochondral bone, dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies, and it is often ornamented.[1] Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and grows by accretion only – the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
The function of some dermal bone is conserved throughout vertebrates, although there is variation in shape and in the number of bones in the skull roof and postcranial structures. In bony fish, dermal bone is found in the fin rays and scales. A special example of dermal bone is the clavicle. Some of the dermal bone functions regard biomechanical aspects such as protection against predators.[2][3][4] The dermal bones are also argued to be involved in ecophysiological implications such as the heat transfers between the body and the surrounding environment when basking (seen in crocodilians) [5] as well as in bone respiratory acidosis buffering during prolonged apnea (seen in both crocodilians and turtles).[6][7] These ecophysiological functions rely on the set-up of a blood vessel network within and straight above the dermal bones. [8]
^de Buffrénil, V.; Clarac, F.; Fau, M.; Martin, S.; Martin, B.; Pellé, E.; Laurin, M. (2015). "Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in vertebrates: a comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha". Journal of Morphology. 276 (4): 425–445. doi:10.1002/jmor.20351. PMID 25488816. S2CID 10809084.
^Broeckhoven, Chris; Diedericks, G.; Mouton, P. le Fras N. (2015). "What doesn't kill you might make you stronger: functional basis for variation in body armour". Journal of Animal Ecology. 84 (5): 1213–1221. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12414. PMID 26104546.
^Clarac, F.; Goussard, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Sansalone, V. (2019). "The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis". Paleobiology. 45 (1): 182–200. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.48. S2CID 92499041.
^Clarac, F.; Quilhac, A. (2019). "reptile The crocodylia skull and osteoderms: A functional exaptation to ectothermy?". Zoology. 132: 31–40. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.12.001. PMID 30736927. S2CID 73427451.
^Jackson, D.C.; Goldberger, Z.; Visuri, J.; Armstrong, R.N. (1999). "Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitro and their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle". Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (5): 503–520. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.5.513. PMID 9929454.
^Jackson, DC.; Andrade, D.; Abe, AS. (2003). "Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, following capture and forced submergence". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (20): 3601–3606. doi:10.1242/jeb.00611. PMID 12966051.
^Clarac, F.; de Buffrénil, V.; Cubo, J.; Quilhac, A. (2018). "Vascularization in ornamentedosteoderms: physiological implications in ectothermy and amphibious lifestyle in the crocodylomorphs?". Anatomical Record. 301 (1): 175–183. doi:10.1002/ar.23695. PMID 29024422.
A dermalbone or investing bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming components of the vertebrate skeleton...
parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermalbone, showing that the complete enclosure...
The occipital bone (/ˌɒkˈsɪpɪtəl/) is a cranial dermalbone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in...
considered separately from the cranium. The facial skeleton is composed of dermalbone and derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development...
and lower jaws being separate elements. Bony fishes have additional dermalbone, forming a more or less coherent skull roof in lungfish and holost fish...
accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood. The calcium and magnesium in the dermalbone will release alkaline ions into the bloodstream, acting as a buffer against...
bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermalbone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy, the term...
cranium that is composed of dermalbone, as opposed to the endocranium and splanchnocranium, which are composed of endochondral bone. The dermatocranium comprises...
(lampreys and hagfishes) have smooth skin without scales and without dermalbone. Lampreys get some protection from a tough leathery skin. Hagfish exude...
several dorsal vertebrae, ribs, a limb bone, and dermalbones. Thyreosaurus is characterized by a unique dermal armor with an asymmetrical texture, indicating...
behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermalbone (also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make...
compact bone. It is a dermalbone derived from elements originally attached to the skull. The shape of the clavicle varies more than most other long bones. It...
An interparietal bone (os interparietale or Inca bone or os inca var.) is a dermalbone situated between the parietal and supraoccipital. It is homologous...
considered paraphyletic and thus obsolete. angular The angular is a dermalbone of the lower jaw. In lateral view, it covers a larger area of the posteroventral...
endochondral bone, fins with lepidotrichs (fin rays), jaws lined by maxillary, premaxillary, and dentary bones composed of dermalbone, and lungs. Many...
jugal, and lacrimal bones. During development, the jugal bone originates from dermalbone. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits...
the dermalbones. The bowfin skull is made up of 28 fused bones, which compose the dermatocranium. The roof of the mouth is made up of three bones, the...
squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared...
The parasphenoid is a bone which can be found in the cranium of many vertebrates. It is an unpaired dermalbone which lies at the midline of the roof...
movement through the water for their armoured bodies, which were covered in dermalbone. They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in...
example, Priodontes and Tolypeutes). The armor is formed by plates of dermalbone covered in relatively small overlapping epidermal scales called "scutes"...
obs and gynae or O&G in British English. Occipital bone – is a cranial dermalbone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull)...
Osteoderms are dermalbone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection against the elements in a large variety of extinct...
bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone...
Bothriolepis. Using the sample, it is evident that the mental plate (a dermalbone that forms the upper part of the jaw) of antiarchs is homologous with...
the function of the dermal ornamentation is that it may have supported blood vessels, which could transfer carbon dioxide to the bones to neutralize acidic...
have bony plates underneath them called “osteoderms”. Osteoderms are dermalbone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection...
Armadillos have dorsal armor that is formed by osteoderms, plates of dermalbone covered in relatively small, overlapping keratinized epidermal scales...
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