Electron micrograph of negative-stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses
Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta or blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis.[1][2] Although cyanobacteria metabolize photoautotrophically like eukaryotic plants, they have prokaryotic cell structure. Cyanophages can be found in both freshwater and marine environments.[3] Marine and freshwater cyanophages have icosahedral heads, which contain double-stranded DNA, attached to a tail by connector proteins.[4] The size of the head and tail vary among species of cyanophages. Cyanophages infect a wide range of cyanobacteria and are key regulators of the cyanobacterial populations in aquatic environments, and may aid in the prevention of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater and marine ecosystems. These blooms can pose a danger to humans and other animals, particularly in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Infection by these viruses is highly prevalent in cells belonging to Synechococcus spp. in marine environments, where up to 5% of cells belonging to marine cyanobacterial cells have been reported to contain mature phage particles.[5]
The first described cyanophage LPP-1, was reported by Safferman and Morris in 1963.[6] Cyanophages are classified within the bacteriophage families Myoviridae (e.g. AS-1, N-1), Podoviridae (e.g. LPP-1) and Siphoviridae (e.g. S-1).[6]
^Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Whitton BA, Potts M (2000). The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space. Boston: Kluwer Academic. pp. 563–589. ISBN 978-0-7923-4735-4.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Suttle CA, Chan AM (1993). "Marine cyanophages infecting oceanic and coastal strains of Synechococcus: abundance, . morphology, cross-infectivity and growth characteristics". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 92: 99–109. Bibcode:1993MEPS...92...99S. doi:10.3354/meps092099.
^Proctor LM, Fuhrman JA (1990). "Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria". Nature. 343 (6253): 60–62. Bibcode:1990Natur.343...60P. doi:10.1038/343060a0. S2CID 4336344.
^ abSarma TA. 'Cyanophages' in Handbook of Cyanobacteria (CRC Press; 2012) (ISBN 1466559411)
Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta or blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their...
as well as strategy for population survival. Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria. Cyanophages can be found in both freshwater and marine environments...
substituting dT in its genome, and in 1977, Kirnos et al. identified a cyanophage containing 2-aminoadenine (Z) instead of adenine (A). The field of systems...
Another key group of phytoplankton viruses are Cyanophages, phages that infect cyanobacteria. The first cyanophage isolated, LPP-1, in the family podoviridae...
production of new viruses. AMGs have been extensively explored in marine cyanophages and include genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon turnover, phosphate...
Delarue, Marc (5 August 2021). "Characterization of a triad of genes in cyanophage S-2L sufficient to replace adenine by 2-aminoadenine in bacterial DNA"...
these viruses are bacteriophages infecting heterotrophic bacteria and cyanophages infecting cyanobacteria and they are essential to the regulation of saltwater...
cells per milliliter in oligotrophic and temperate oceans. Hence, viral (cyanophage) infection and lysis of Prochlorococcus represent an important component...
Furthermore, adenine is not the most stable choice for base pairing: in Cyanophage S-2L, diaminopurine (DAP) is used instead of adenine. Diaminopurine basepairs...
particular algal virus, known as a cyanophage, can be used to control harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria. Lytic cyanophages are often found in the presence...
Prochlorococcus (cyanophages) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria. Cyanophage AMGs support...
Jassim SA, Limoges RG (October 2013). "Impact of external forces on cyanophage-host interactions in aquatic ecosystems". World Journal of Microbiology...
for uptake. Viruses that specifically target cyanobacteria known as cyanophages (found in surface waters) directly affects the marine food web by “short-circuiting”...
\rightleftharpoons } biliverdin IX alpha + 2 reduced ferredoxin This enzyme, from a cyanophage infecting oceanic cyanobacteria of the Prochlorococcus genus. Dammeyer...
significantly change through eukaryote evolution. There also exist PTOX cyanophages that contain copies of the gene for the plastid oxidase. They are known...
1985. Tsianofagi: Virusy Tsianobakterii. Nauk. dumka, Kiev. [Russian; Cyanophages] OCLC 16131273 Luria, S. E. 1984. A Slot Machine, a Broken Test Tube:...
include; Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols Phages in nature Marine cyanophages and light Bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus Clokie is founding...
Recently, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) were found in marine viruses (cyanophages). Hsp20, like all heat shock proteins, is in abundance when cells are...
and D) and (psaD, C, A and B)] were also reported to exist in marine cyanophages from the Pacific and Indian Oceans Photosynthetic reaction centre, M...
"Resistance in marine cyanobacteria differs against specialist and generalist cyanophages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (34): 16899–16908...
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