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Crisis of Marxism, also referred to as the crisis in Marxism, was a term first employed in the 1890s after the unexpected revival of global capitalist expansion became evident after the Long Depression that occurred in Europe from 1873 to 1896, which eventually precipitated a crisis in Marxist theory.[1][2] The crisis resulted in a series of theoretical debates over the significance of economic recovery for the strategy of the socialist movement,[3] leading to ideological fragmentation and increasingly sectarian debates.[4] By the 1890s, orthodox Marxists came to believe that the capitalist mode of production was on the "verge of breakdown", while the socialist movement was on the "verge of revolutionary triumph". Due to a renewed burst of capitalist and industrial activity, such interpretations could no longer be maintained in Western Europe.[5]
The first person to introduce the notion of a crisis amid Marxism has been attributed to Thomas Masaryk,[6] who declared in 1898 that he was observing a "crisis within Marxism".[7] Recognizing a potential problem, Masaryk professed that socialism would be strengthened considerably "if its leaders will frankly criticize its fundamentals to overcome their defects".[8] Contemporaries treat these controversies within the Marxist ranks as a "crisis in Marxism", a "crisis of Marxism", or sometimes designating it as a "revisionist crisis".[9] Considered the father of revisionism, Eduard Bernstein is regarded the main proponent in precipitating one of the greatest crises in the consciousness of the Marxist proletarian movement, and therefore initiating the "revisionist controversy".[10] The October 1898 Stuttgart Party Conference brought this theoretical crisis into the open, entrenched the main battle lines, and established the principal elements of the revisionist position.[11]
^Eric Hobsbawm, How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism, Yale University Press, 2011, p. 215.
^Terrance McLoughlin, R. T. Drake, "The First Crisis of Marxian Theory and the Bernstein-Kautsky Debate", Praxis, No. 3, 1976, p. 27.
^Terrance McLoughlin, R. T. Drake, "The First Crisis of Marxian Theory and the Bernstein-Kautsky Debate", Praxis, No. 3, 1976, p. 26.
^Eric Hobsbawm, How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism, Yale University Press, 2011, pp. 252–253.
^Eric Hobsbawm, How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism, Yale University Press, 2011, pp. 252–253.
^Martin Jay, Fin de Siècle Socialism and Other Essays, Routledge, 2009, p. 1.
^Antonio Labriola, Socialism and Philosophy, Chicago, IL, Charles H. Keer & Company, 1907, p. 197.
^Antonio Labriola, Socialism and Philosophy, Chicago, IL, Charles H. Keer & Company, 1907, p. 197.
^Georges Haupt, Aspects of International Socialism, 1871-1914: Essays by Georges Haupt, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 19
^David W. Morgan, "The Father of Revisionism Revisited: Eduard Bernstein", The Journal of Modern History, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 51, No. 3, September 1979.
^Henry Tudor and J. M. Tudor, edited and translated, Marxism and Social Democracy: The Revisionist Debate 1896-1898, Cambridge University Press, 1988, "Preface", p. x.
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