Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia,[1] impacting various aspects of life, including the economy,[2] business,[3] public administration,[4] law enforcement,[5][6] healthcare,[7][8] and education.[9] The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance, and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in the country.[1] Transparency International stated in 2022, "Corruption is endemic in Russia" and assigned it the lowest score of any European country in their Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021.[10] It has, under the regime of Vladimir Putin, been variously characterized as a kleptocracy,[11] an oligarchy,[12] and a plutocracy; owing to its crony capitalism economic system.[13][14]
^ ab"New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption". Voice of America. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^Alferova, Ekaterina (26 October 2020). В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией [Russia proposed to create the post of Ombudsman for the fight against corruption]. Izvestia Известия (in Russian). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^"Russia Corruption Report". GAN Integrity. June 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020. Corruption significantly impedes businesses operating or planning to invest in Russia.
^Suhara, Manabu. "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2015. There seems to be general agreement among specialists that corruption is particularly rampant in post-communist Russia.
^Gerber, Theodore P.; Mendelson, Sarah E. (March 2008). "Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing?". Law & Society Review. 42 (1). Wiley: 1–44. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x. JSTOR 29734103.
^"Cops for hire". The Economist. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^Klara Sabirianova Peter; Zelenska, Tetyana (2010). "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery" (PDF). Georgia State University. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^"Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System". CBS News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^Denisova-Schmidt, Elena; Leontyeva, Elvira; Prytula, Yaroslav (2014). "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine". Harvard University. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^"Countering Russia's kleptocrats: What the West's response to the assault on Ukraine should look like". Transparency International. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022. Corruption is endemic in Russia. With a score of just 29 out of 100, Russia is the lowest-ranking country in Europe and a 'country to watch' on Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.
^Fish, M. Steven (April 2018). "What Has Russia Become?". Comparative Politics. 50 (3). New York City: City University of New York: 327–346. doi:10.5129/001041518822704872. JSTOR 26532689.
^Guriev, Sergei; Rachinsky, Andrei (2005). "The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (1). American Economic Association: 131–150. doi:10.1257/0895330053147994. JSTOR 4134996. S2CID 17653502.
^Åslund, Anders (7 May 2019). Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy. Yale University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-300-24486-1.
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