Global InformationCopper information
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| Copper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Appearance | Red-orange metallic luster | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Copper in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic number (Z) | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | group 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | d-block | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (at 20° C) | 8.935 g/cm3 [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| when liquid (at m.p.) | 8.02 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 13.26 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 300.4 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 24.440 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −2, 0,[4] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.90 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 128 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 132±4 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 140 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constant |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | 16.64×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 401 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | 16.78 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | −5.46×10−6 cm3/mol[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 110–128 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 48 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 140 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | (annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.34 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 343–369 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 235–878 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7440-50-8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Naming | after Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Middle East (9000 BC) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symbol | "Cu": from Latin cuprum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of copper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.[8]
In the Roman era, copper was mined principally on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes cyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to cuprum (Latin). Coper (Old English) and copper were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.[9]
Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite, malachite, and turquoise, and have been used widely and historically as pigments.
Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green patina of compounds called verdigris. Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives.
Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone.[10] The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.[11]
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Copper". CIAAW. 1969.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ a b c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ^ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
- ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2011.
- ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Robert McHenry, ed. (1992). "Bronze". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. p. 612. ISBN 978-0-85229-553-3. OCLC 25228234.
- ^ "Copper". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Johnson, MD PhD, Larry E., ed. (2008). "Copper". Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ "Copper in human health".