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Convoy PQ 17 information


Convoy PQ 17
Part of Second World War, Arctic Campaign

Escorts and merchant ships at Hvalfjord May 1942 before the sailing of Convoy PQ 17.
Date27 June – 10 July 1942
Location
Arctic Ocean
Result German victory
Belligerents
Convoy PQ 17 United Kingdom
Convoy PQ 17 United States
Convoy PQ 17 Soviet Union
Convoy PQ 17 Netherlands
Convoy PQ 17 Panama		 Convoy PQ 17 Germany
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom John Tovey
United Kingdom Louis Hamilton
United Kingdom Jack Broome
United Kingdom John Dowding		 Nazi Germany Erich Raeder
Nazi Germany Karl Dönitz
Nazi Germany Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
Strength
35 merchant ships
Close escort: 6 destroyers,
11 escort vessels, 2 anti-aircraft ships,
Covering forces: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 battleships, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers (did not engage):[1]		 1 battleship, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers (did not engage);
11 U-boats:
33 torpedo aircraft,
6 bombers
(Flying over 200 sorties)
Casualties and losses
153 merchant seamen killed
23 merchant ships sunk		 5 aircraft

PQ 17 was the code name for an Allied Arctic convoy during the Second World War. On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from Hvalfjörður, Iceland, for the port of Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union. The convoy was located by German forces on 1 July, after which it was shadowed continuously and attacked. The First Sea Lord Admiral Dudley Pound, acting on information that German ships, including the German battleship Tirpitz, were moving to intercept, ordered the covering force based on the Allied battleships HMS Duke of York and USS Washington away from the convoy and told the convoy to scatter. Because of vacillation by Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, German armed forces high command), the Tirpitz raid never materialised.[2][3] The convoy was the first large joint Anglo-American naval operation under British command; in Churchill's view this encouraged a more careful approach to fleet movements.[4]

As the close escort and the covering cruiser forces withdrew westwards to intercept the German raiders, the merchant ships were left without escorts.[5] The merchant ships were attacked by Luftwaffe aircraft and U-boats and of the 35 ships, only eleven reached their destination, delivering 70,000 long tons (71,000 metric tons) of cargo.[6] The convoy disaster demonstrated the difficulty of passing adequate supplies through the Arctic, especially during the summer with the midnight sun.[7] The German success was possible through German signals intelligence and cryptological analysis.[8]

  1. ^ Schofield 1964, pp. 77–78.
  2. ^ Beesly 1990, pp. 292–322.
  3. ^ Churchill 1951, p. 235.
  4. ^ Churchill 1951, p. 236.
  5. ^ Hill 1986, pp. 45–46.
  6. ^ Churchill 1951, p. 237.
  7. ^ Churchill 1951, p. 240.
  8. ^ Albert Praun, German Radio Intelligence

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