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Connected sum information


Illustration of connected sum.

In mathematics, specifically in topology, the operation of connected sum is a geometric modification on manifolds. Its effect is to join two given manifolds together near a chosen point on each. This construction plays a key role in the classification of closed surfaces.

More generally, one can also join manifolds together along identical submanifolds; this generalization is often called the fiber sum. There is also a closely related notion of a connected sum on knots, called the knot sum or composition of knots.

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Connected sum

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In mathematics, specifically in topology, the operation of connected sum is a geometric modification on manifolds. Its effect is to join two given manifolds...

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Euler characteristic

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two connected closed n-manifolds M , N {\displaystyle M,N} one can obtain a new connected manifold M # N {\displaystyle M\#N} via the connected sum operation...

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Topological manifold

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2-manifold (or surface) is homeomorphic to the sphere, a connected sum of tori, or a connected sum of projective planes. A classification of 3-manifolds...

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Connectedness

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kept) connected space connected category connected component (graph theory) connected sum cross-link network Scale-free network simply connected small-world...

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Sum

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theory Band sum, a way of connecting mathematical knots Connected sum, a way of gluing manifolds Digit sum, in number theory Direct sum, a combination...

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Genus g surface

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(also known as a g-torus or g-holed torus) is a surface formed by the connected sum of g distinct tori: the interior of a disk is removed from each of g...

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Band sum

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n-dimensional knot obtained by this surgery. A band sum is thus a generalization of the usual connected sum of knots. Manifold decomposition Cromwell, Peter...

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Torus

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form the connected sum of more than two surfaces, successively take the connected sum of two of them at a time until they are all connected. In this sense...

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Prime number

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it cannot be written as the connected sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots. The prime decomposition...

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Exotic sphere

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exotic spheres form the non-trivial elements of an abelian monoid under connected sum, which is a finite abelian group if the dimension is not 4. The classification...

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Geometrization conjecture

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Every closed 3-manifold has a prime decomposition: this means it is the connected sum of prime 3-manifolds (this decomposition is essentially unique except...

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Identity element

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⊥ (falsity) ⊕ (exclusive or) ⊥ (falsity) Knots Knot sum Unknot Compact surfaces # (connected sum) S2 Groups Direct product Trivial group Two elements...

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Series and parallel circuits

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across the network is equal to the sum of the voltages across each component. Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, and each...

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Number sign

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symbol, e.g. a ∣ b {\displaystyle a\mid b} . In topology, A#B is the connected sum of manifolds A and B, or of knots A and B in knot theory. In number...

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Scalar curvature

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the connected sum. This establishes the existence of such metrics on a wide variety of manifolds. For example, it immediately shows that the connected sum...

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Klein bottle

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theorem, which would require seven. A Klein bottle is homeomorphic to the connected sum of two projective planes. It is also homeomorphic to a sphere plus two...

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Homology sphere

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sphere. The connected sum of two oriented homology 3-spheres is a homology 3-sphere. A homology 3-sphere that cannot be written as a connected sum of two homology...

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Glossary of mathematical symbols

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greater than n. 3.  In topology, M # N {\displaystyle M\#N} denotes the connected sum of two manifolds or two knots. ∈ Denotes set membership, and is read...

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Grigori Perelman

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manifolds with positive Ricci curvature. He found Riemannian metrics on the connected sum of arbitrarily many complex projective planes with positive Ricci curvature...

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Morse theory

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, {\displaystyle g>0,} M {\displaystyle M} is diffeomorphic to the connected sum of g {\displaystyle g} 2-tori. If N {\displaystyle N} is unorientable...

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Triangular number

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an integer as the sum of triangular numbers are connected to theta functions, in particular the Ramanujan theta function. The sum of two consecutive...

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Connection

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connection, a transfer from one means of transport to another Connected sum Connectedness Connecting (TV series) Connections (disambiguation) Connexion...

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Cobordism

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cobordant to the connected sum M # M ′ . {\displaystyle M\mathbin {\#} M'.} The previous example is a particular case, since the connected sum S 1 # S 1 {\displaystyle...

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