A diagram displaying feedback about a workshop in a sandwich shape. A background with + signs is for the positive evaluations; a background with ~ and - signs is for the negative evaluations.
A compliment sandwich[1]praise sandwich, or feedback sandwich is a rhetorical technique to deliver criticism in a way that it is accepted by the criticized person.
It is named after the metaphor of a sandwich since it has three parts:[2]
Praise of the addressee
Expressing what the speaker dislikes about the person
Further praise of the addressee
It was popularised in the 1980s by Mary Kay Ash, the founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics, who advised managers to sandwich any critical remarks between layers of praise.[3] Sandwich feedback has been recommended to sports trainers,[4] health-service managers,[5] online educators[6] and sales personnel.[7]
The intention of the sandwich device is to reduce defensiveness and discomfort, enhance useful communication and make the input better tolerated by the person receiving the coaching.[8][9][10] It also aims to preserve the criticized person's self-esteem to increase receptivity.[11] However, the outcome could be the complete opposite of the intention. The behaviour of praising before criticising can be misinterpreted as insincerity or merely instrumental, implying an inauthenticity or lack of trust,[12] leading to its colloquial name of crap sandwich.[13]
Confusion and therefore backfire in productivity might be the case as the person criticized might misinterpret the feedback.[9][14]
^Moss, Simon; Francis, Ronald (2007). The Science of Management: Fighting Fads and Fallacies with Evidence-Based Practice. Australian Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-875378-78-4.
^Appelo, Jurgen (2015-08-17). "Ditch The Praise Sandwich, Make Feedback Wraps". Forbes. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^Salama, Farah Yasser (2023-03-08). "Feedback Sandwich for Effective Communication". Making Business Matter (MBM). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^Docheff, Dennis M. (December 1990). "The Feedback Sandwich". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 61 (9): 17–18. doi:10.1080/07303084.1990.10604618. ISSN 0730-3084.
^Dohrenwend, Anne (2002). "Serving Up the Feedback Sandwich". Family Practice Management. 9 (10): 43–46. S2CID 31429252.
^Ionescu, Gh Gh; Negrusa, Adina (2009). "Mary Kay Ash, the greatest female entrepreneur in American history and business ethics". Management & Marketing. 4 (4).
^Von Bergen, C. W.; Bressler, Martin S.; Campbell, Kitty (2014). "The sandwich feedback method: Not very tasty". Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business. 7 – via Research Gate.
^ abHenley, Amy J.; DiGennaro Reed, Florence D. (2015-10-02). "Should You Order the Feedback Sandwich? Efficacy of Feedback Sequence and Timing". Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. 35 (3–4): 321–335. doi:10.1080/01608061.2015.1093057. ISSN 0160-8061.
^Schwarz, Roger (2013-04-19). "The "Sandwich Approach" Undermines Your Feedback". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^Nelson, Debra L.; Quick, James C. (2013). Organizational behavior: science, the real world, and you (8th ed.). Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-82586-7.
^Baron, Robert A. (1988). "Negative effects of destructive criticism: Impact on conflict, self-efficacy, and task performance". Journal of Applied Psychology. 73 (2): 199–207. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.199. ISSN 1939-1854.
^Green, Alison (22 August 2018). "Beware of Bosses Handing Out "Crap Sandwiches"". Slate. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^Daniels, Aubrey C. (2009). Oops! 13 management practices that waste time and money (and what to do instead). Atlanta, Ga: Performance Management Publications. ISBN 978-0-937100-17-2. OCLC 320968819.
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