Combahee River Collective information

Combahee River Collective
Abbreviation	CRC
Formation	1974; 50 years ago
Dissolved	1980; 44 years ago
Headquarters	Boston, Massachusetts

The Combahee River Collective (CRC) (/kəmˈbiː/ kəm-BEE)^[1] was a Black feminist lesbian socialist organization active in Boston, Massachusetts from 1974 to 1980.^[2]^[3] The Collective argued that both the white feminist movement and the Civil Rights Movement were not addressing their particular needs as Black women and more specifically as Black lesbians.^[4] Racism was present in the mainstream feminist movement, while Delaney and Manditch-Prottas argue that much of the Civil Rights Movement had a sexist and homophobic reputation.^[5]^[6]

The Collective is perhaps best known for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement,^[7]^[8] a key document in the history of contemporary Black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity politics as used among political organizers and social theorists,^[9]^[10] and for introducing the concept of interlocking systems of oppression, including but not limited to gender, race, and homophobia, a fundamental concept of intersectionality.^[11] Gerald Izenberg credits the 1977 Combahee statement with the first usage of the phrase "identity politics".^[12] Through writing its statement, the CRC connected themselves to the activist tradition of Black women in the 19th Century and to the struggles of Black liberation in the 1960s.^[13] The document embarked upon the separation of a gender-only focused feminism and highlighted the significance of interlocking systems of oppression.

^ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition (Merriam-Webster, 1997; ISBN 0877795460, p. 272.
^ "Duchess Harris. Interview with Barbara Smith". Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
^ Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (eds), Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal, Combahee River Collective Statement, Rowman and Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0-8476-8346-X, p. 524.
^ ""The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)", Available Means, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 292–300, 2001, doi:10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50, ISBN 9780822979753
^ Delaney, Paul (12 May 2010). "Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement". The Root.
^ Manditch-Prottas, Zachary (2019). "Meeting at the Watchtower: Eldridge Cleaver, James Baldwin's No Name in the Street, and Racializing Homophobic Vernacular". African American Review. 52 (2): 179–195. doi:10.1353/afa.2019.0027. ISSN 1945-6182. S2CID 197851021.
^ The full text of the Combahee River Collective Statement is available here.
^ Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New York, NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. pp. 272–282. ISBN 0-913175-02-1.
^ Hawkesworth, M. E.; Maurice Kogan. Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, 2nd edn Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-27623-3, p. 577.
^ Sigerman, Harriet. The Columbia Documentary History of American Women Since 1941, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-11698-5, p. 316.
^ How we get free : Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective. Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. Chicago, Illinois. 2017. ISBN 978-1-60846-855-3. OCLC 975027867.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Izenberg, Gerald (2016). Identity; The Necessity of a Modern Idea. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144.
^ Sheftall, Beverly (1995). Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist. New York: The New Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-1565842564.

[1] Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition (Merriam-Webster, 1997; ISBN 0877795460, p. 272.

[harris-2] "Duchess Harris. Interview with Barbara Smith". Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-03-26.

[manning-3] Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (eds), Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal, Combahee River Collective Statement, Rowman and Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0-8476-8346-X, p. 524.

[4] ""The Combahee River Collective Statement" (1977)", Available Means, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 292–300, 2001, doi:10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.50, ISBN 9780822979753

[5] Delaney, Paul (12 May 2010). "Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement". The Root.

[6] Manditch-Prottas, Zachary (2019). "Meeting at the Watchtower: Eldridge Cleaver, James Baldwin's No Name in the Street, and Racializing Homophobic Vernacular". African American Review. 52 (2): 179–195. doi:10.1353/afa.2019.0027. ISSN 1945-6182. S2CID 197851021.

[statement222-7] The full text of the Combahee River Collective Statement is available here.

[8] Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New York, NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. pp. 272–282. ISBN 0-913175-02-1.

[E._Hawkesworth,_Maurice_Kogan_2004,_p577-9] Hawkesworth, M. E.; Maurice Kogan. Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, 2nd edn Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-27623-3, p. 577.

[Harriet_Sigerman_1941,_p316-10] Sigerman, Harriet. The Columbia Documentary History of American Women Since 1941, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-11698-5, p. 316.

[:0-11] How we get free : Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective. Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. Chicago, Illinois. 2017. ISBN 978-1-60846-855-3. OCLC 975027867.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[IzenbergIdentity-12] Izenberg, Gerald (2016). Identity; The Necessity of a Modern Idea. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144.

[13] Sheftall, Beverly (1995). Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist. New York: The New Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-1565842564.

Combahee River Collective information

and 23 Related for: Combahee River Collective information

Combahee River Collective

Combahee River

Raid on Combahee Ferry

Roxbury murders

Lesbian feminism

Identity politics

Demita Frazier

Black feminism

Beverly Smith

Intersectionality

Queer of color critique

Barbara Smith

National Black Feminist Organization

How We Get Free

Chirlane McCray

The personal is political

Black radical tradition

Lesbian flags

Autotheory

History of lesbianism in the United States

Maurizio Lazzarato

Lorraine Bethel

Feminist movements and ideologies

Abbreviation	CRC
Formation	1974; 50 years ago (1974)
Dissolved	1980; 44 years ago (1980)
Headquarters	Boston, Massachusetts