The first fortifications of Singapore consisted of batteries built in the early 19th century to protect the harbour and city. After this there were two main phases of building.
From the 1860s technological changes started to render the existing fortifications obsolete. Steam-powered warships were faster and carried improved armour. Artillery also improved; Smooth Bore (SB) cannons were replaced with Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) and then in the 1890s Breech Loading (BL) guns were introduced. These changes coupled with increased threats from Russia and France[1] resulted in a need to upgrade the fortifications. The first phase was instigated by William Jervois whilst he was Governor of Singapore in the 1870s
The second phase was prior to the Second World War and was to counter the threat posed by Japan with a building program implemented in 1933.[2] The focus of the defences moved to the protection of the Eastern entrance to the Johore strait which guarded the entrance to the Singapore Naval Base. A number of the existing batteries were upgraded and new more powerful 15-inch guns and AMTB (anti motor torpedo boat) batteries were added to the fortress.
^Lim Chen Sian (2007). "Fort Tanjong Katong Raising History Planting Roots" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^Clements, Bill (2016). The Fatal Fortress. Pen and Sword. pp. P124.
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