Reemtsma cigarette factory in Hamburg by Fritz HögerA piece of vitrified brick
Clinker bricks are partially-vitrified bricks used in the construction of buildings.
Clinker bricks are produced when wet clay bricks are exposed to excessive heat during the firing process, sintering the surface of the brick and forming a shiny, dark-colored coating.[1][2][3] Clinker bricks have a blackened appearance, and they are often misshapen or split.[2] Clinkers are so named for the metallic sound they make when struck together.[4]
Clinker bricks are denser, heavier, and more irregular than standard bricks.[3] Clinkers are water-resistant and durable, but have higher thermal conductivity than more porous red bricks, lending less insulation to climate-controlled structures.[3]
The brick-firing kilns of the early 20th century—called brick clamps or "beehive" kilns—did not heat evenly, and the bricks that were too close to the fire emerged harder, darker, and with more vibrant colors, according to the minerals present in the clay.[5] Initially, these clinkers were discarded as defective, but around 1900, the bricks were salvaged by architects who found them to be usable, distinctive, and charming. Clinker bricks were widely admired by adherents of the Arts and Crafts movement.[5][1]
In the United States, clinker bricks were popularized by the Pasadena, California architecture firm Greene and Greene, who used them for walls, foundations, and chimneys.[6] On the East Coast, clinkers were used extensively in the Colonial Revival style of architecture.[1]
Modern brick-making techniques do not produce clinker bricks, and they have become rare.[1] Builders can procure clinkers from salvage companies; alternatively, some brickmakers purposefully manufacture clinker bricks or produce imitations.[1]
^ abcde"The Accidental Charm of Clinker Bricks, by Susan VanHecke - Old-House Journal". 2016-09-13. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2017-04-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ abBeyond the Lawn. Quarry Books. ISBN 9781610593984.
^ abcWartzeck, Susanne; Herrmann, Eva Maria; Krammer, Martin; Sturm, Jörg (2015-07-01). Enclose | Build: Walls, Facade, Roof. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783035603361.
^Susan VanHecke. "The Accidental Charm of Clinker Bricks", Old House Journal Archived 2016-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ ab"These Bricks are Real Clinkers". Edmonton City As Museum Project ECAMP. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
^Makinson, Randell L. (2009-09-01). Greene and Greene Creating a Style. Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9781423609896.
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