US voluntary public work relief program from 1933-42
Poster by Albert M. Bender, produced by the Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago in 1935 for the CCCCCC boys leaving camp in Lassen National Forest for home
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28.[1] The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that supplied manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to supply jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. There was eventually a smaller counterpart program for unemployed women called the She-She-She Camps, which were championed by Eleanor Roosevelt.[2]
Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency, succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner's death. The largest enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Through the course of its nine years in operation, three million young men took part in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a monthly wage of $30 (equivalent to $706 in 2023), $25 of which (equivalent to $588 in 2023) had to be sent home to their families.[3]
A CCC-built bridge across Rock Creek in Little Rock, Arkansas
The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs.[4] Sources written at the time claimed[5] an individual's enrollment in the CCC led to improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources, and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources.[6]
CCC workers constructing a road in what is now Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 1933154th Co.. CCC, Eagle Lake Camp NP-1-Me. Bar harbor Maine, February 1940CCC camps in Michigan; the tents were soon replaced by barracks built by Army contractors for the enrollees.[7]
The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans. Approximately 15,000 Native Americans took part in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression.[8]
By 1942, with World War II raging and the draft in effect, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program.[9]
^"Timeline. The Civilian Conservation Corps". American Experience. WGBH - PBS. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016.
^"New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women". ArcGIS StoryMaps. January 22, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps CCC 1933–1942: a New Deal case study (1967)
^Perry H. Merrill, Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps (1981) p. 196
^"CONSERVATION: Poor Young Men". Time. February 6, 1939 – via content.time.com.
^Robert Allen Ermentrout, "Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps," (1982) p. 99
^Rosentreter, Roger L. "Roosevelt's Tree Army". Michigan History Magazine.
^Landry, Alysa (August 9, 2016). "Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A New Deal for Indians". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^Wirth, pp. 105, 142-144
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