It has been suggested that 2024 Citizenship Amendment Act protests be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2024.
Citizenship Amendment Act protests
CAA and NRC protests
(Counterclockwise from top) Jamia Milia Islamia students protesting, protests in Guwahati, Meghalaya, Kerala and Shaheen Bagh (New Delhi), protesters stopping traffic, Aisa and CPIML(L) protest in Kolkata.
Date
4 December 2019 (2019-12-04) –
Location
India
Caused by
Introduction of Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
Anticipation of implementation of the National Register of Citizens of India
Police brutality against protesters[1][2]
Violent crackdown against protesters[3]
Goals
Repeal of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
Halt the implementation of the National Register of Citizens of India
Independent Judicial probe into various Police departments for police brutality[4][5]
Resignation of CM Yogi Adityanath[6][7][8]
Release of various political prisoners[9][10][11]
Methods
Protesters: Civil disobedience, demonstrations, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arson, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike (Bandh), Shooting Government and supporters: Mass shooting by police, Riot police, stone pelting, vandalism, lathi charge, Mass arrest, Internet shutdown, curfew, transport restrictions, water cannon, imposing ban on assembly (Section 144)
Status
Stopped. It became indispensable to stop due to the lockdown being imposed in the country to curb the COVID-19 pandemic[12]
Previously:
Section 144, curfew, Internet shutdown imposed in various parts of the country.
Indian Army deployed in Assam.
Paramilitary forces deployed in various parts of the country.
Parties
Government of India
Indian Army[13][14]
Assam Rifles[15]
Central Reserve Police Force[16]
Border Security Force[17]
Sashastra Seema Bal[17]
Delhi Police[18]
Uttar Pradesh Police[19]
Karnataka Police
Assam Police
various state police forces
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh[20]
Vishva Hindu Parishad[21]
Bajrang Dal[21]
Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad
Supported by:
Bharatiya Janata Party[22]
Multiple groups of citizens throughout India
Students Organisations
Kerala State Muslim Students Federation[23]
Fraternity Movement[24]
Muslim Students Federation[25]
All India Students Federation
All Assam Students’ Union
Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad
Chhatra Bharati
Pinjra Tod
Students For Society
Ambedkar Students Association
Students Federation of India
Democratic Youth Federation of India
National Students' Union of India
All India Students Association
All India Democratic Students Organisation
Krantikari Yuva Sangathan
Birsa Ambedkar Phule Students' Association
All India Catholic University Federation
All Arunachal Pradesh Students' Union
North East Students' Organisation
Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union
Students Islamic Organisation of India
Campus Front of India
Mizo Zirlai Pawl
Twipra Students Federation
All India Sikh Students Federation
All Idu Mishmi Students Union
All Tai Ahom Students Union
Jamia Coordination Committee
Other Organisations
South East Asia Cultural Organisation[26]
Muslim Youth League[27]
All India Youth Federation
Revolutionary Youth Association
Indian Youth Congress
People's Union for Civil Liberties[28]
Association of Democratic Rights
National Confederation of Human Rights Organisations[29][30]
Bhim Army
Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti
All India Central Council of Trade Unions[28]
Khalsa Aid
Khudai Khidmatgar India
Assam Sahitya Sabha[31]
Srimanta Sankaradeva Sangha[32]
Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
Popular Front of India[33][34]
Welfare Party of India
LGBT Groups[35][36][37]
Supported by:
Aam Aadmi Party
All India Trinamool Congress
Communist Party of India
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
Indian National Congress
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Samajwadi Party
Rashtriya Lok Dal
Indian Union Muslim League
Nationalist Congress Party
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
Rashtriya Janata Dal
Janata Dal (Secular)
Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
Makkal Needhi Maiam
Swaraj India
Lead figures
Narendra Modi[38] (Prime Minister of India) Amit Shah[39] (Minister of Home Affairs) Nitin Gadkari[40] (Minister of Road Transport and Highways) Jagat Prakash Nadda[41] (Working President of BJP) Himanta Biswa Sarma[42] (National convener of NEDA) Sarbananda Sonowal[43] (Chief Minister of Assam) Yogi Adityanath (Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh) B. S. Yediyurappa[44] (Chief Minister of Karnataka)
(Non centralised leadership)
Mamata Banerjee[45] (Chief Minister of West Bengal)
Pinarayi Vijayan (Chief Minister of Kerala)
(Scholars, writers, artists)
Ramachandra Guha[60] Arundhati Roy[61] Harsh Mander[62] Javed Akhtar Varun Grover Zubeen Garg[63] Swara Bhaskar[64] Zeeshan Ayyub[65] Anurag Kashyap[66] Jay Mala
Casualties
Death(s)
65+[67][68][69][70][71]
Injuries
175[72] (reported as of 16 December)
Arrested
3000+[73] (reported as of 17 December)
The Citizenship Amendment Act (Bill) protests, also known as the CAA Protest, CAB Protest or CAA and NRC protests,[74] occurred after the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was enacted by the Government of India on 12 December 2019. The move sparked a widespread national and overseas ongoing protests against the act and its associated proposals of the National Register of Citizens (NRC).[75] The protests first began in Assam and spread swiftly in other states such as[76] Delhi,[77] Meghalaya,[78] Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura on 4 December 2019.[45] Protests broke out rapidly across the country, although the concerns of the protesters vary.[3][79]
The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to provide accelerated pathway for citizenship for illegal migrants who are Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the religious persecutions.[80] The bill reduced the time taken for naturalization for this category from twelve years to six years. The bill does not mention Muslims and other communities who fled from the same or other neighbouring countries. Refugees from Sri Lankan Tamils in India, Rohingyas from Myanmar, and Tibetan refugees are also not mentioned in the bill.[81][82] The proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be an official record of all legal citizens of India. Individuals would need to provide a prescribed set of documents before a specified cutoff date to be included in it.[83]
The amendment has been widely criticised as discriminating on the basis of religion, particularity for excluding Muslims.[84] Protestors against the amendment demand that it be scrapped and that the nationwide NRC not be implemented.[85][86][87] The bill has raised concerns among the Indian Muslim community.[88][89][90][91] They are also concerned that all citizens will be affected by the bureaucratic exercise of the NRC where they will have to prove their citizenship for inclusion in the registry.[92][93] The protesters have raised voices against authoritarianism and the police crackdown in universities to suppress protests.[3][94]
Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states do not want Indian citizenship to be granted to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, as they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance, resulting in a loss of their political rights, culture, and land.[95][96][97] They are also concerned that it will motivate further migration from Bangladesh that could violate the Assam Accord which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees.[95][96][97]
The protests started in Assam on 4 December 2019, after the bill was introduced in parliament. Later on, protests erupted in Northeast India, and subsequently spread to the major cities of India. On 15 December, major protests took place near Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University. As the protests broke out, mobs burnt and destroyed public as well as private properties and several railway stations were vandalised.[98][99][100] Police forcibly entered the campus of Jamia, used batons and tear gas on the students, and more than 200 students were injured while around 100 were detained overnight in the police station. The police action was widely criticised and resulted students across the country protesting in solidarity.[101][102]
The protests resulted in thousands of arrests and 27 deaths as of 27 December 2019.[103][67] Two 17-year-old minors were among those reported to have been killed due to police firing during a live ammunition on protesters in Assam.[104] On 19 December, the police issued a complete ban on protests in several parts of India. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained.[105]
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^B., Nitin (22 December 2019). "At mammoth protest against CAA in Hyderabad, Owaisi says it's a fight to save India". The News Minute. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
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^Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained, BBC News, 11 December 2019.
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^"A dark day for the country, says Jamaat-e-Islami chief". The Hindu. 15 December 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 January 2020. He said Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka had been persecuted and questioned why they had not been brought under the ambit of the CAA(subscription required)
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^Pokharel, Krishna (17 December 2019). "India Citizenship Protests Spread to Muslim Area of Capital". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Protests against a new citizenship law favoring non-Muslim immigrants erupted in violence in a Muslim-dominated part of the Indian capital [...] "People are opposing this law because it discriminates against Muslims [...]
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^"It's Not Just About Muslims, All Indians Will Have to Queue Up to Prove They are Indians: Owaisi". News18. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020. "Why are we protesting? We are protesting because, in the country, in the name of religion, preparation is being made to make us not just second-class citizens but stateless," [Owaisi] claimed, adding it is a loss for everyone.
^Mathur, Nayanika (14 January 2020). "The NRC is a bureaucratic paper-monster that will devour and divide India". Scroll.in. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
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^ abCite error: The named reference BBC 2 Dead was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abSaha, Abhishek (20 January 2019). "Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry". The Indian Express. Protesters have expressed fears that the prospect of citizenship will encourage migration from Bangladesh. They have cited several grounds for opposing this. Demography: This will change across Northeastern states, protesters say, as has already been happening in Assam and Tripura over decades of migration (see graphs). "Assamese could become the second language. Then there is also the question of loss of political rights and culture of the indigenous people," said former Chief Minister Prafulla Mahanta, who was the face of the Assam Movement (1979–85) against illegal immigration, and one of the signatories to the Assam Accord at the culmination of the movement. (...) Protesters say the Bill goes against the Assam Accord and negates the ongoing update of the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
^ ab"India's parliament passes citizenship law, protests flare". Reuters. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020. The bill will take away our rights, language and culture with millions of Bangladeshis getting citizenship (...) people in Assam and surrounding states fear that arriving settlers could increase competition for land and upset the region's demographic balance
^"CAA: Violence, arson in south Delhi as protesters torch four buses; two injured". Livemint. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Four buses were set ablaze by a mob and two fire officials were injured in stone pelting as the protests against the newly enacted Citizenship Act" (...) "The situation turned critical when a bus was burned by the protestors and police got into action
^"Violent protests over citizenship law continue in India". The Week. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Protesters set fire to buses and vandalized railroad stations
^"Delhi cops didn't fire during Citizenship Act protests at Jamia: Officials". Business Standard India. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Several vehicles, including buses, were burnt down and public properties destroyed during the protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act, which was passed by Parliament last week.
^"High courts can inquire, says Supreme Court on plea over police action against protesters". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
^Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (17 December 2019). "India protests: students condemn 'barbaric' police". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^Hemanta Kumar Nath (11 December 2020). "1,000 detained as anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests intensify in Assam". India Today. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^Kumar Nath, Hemanta (13 December 2019). "2 minor boys killed in police firing during anti-CAB protests in Guwahati". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
^"Indian police ban protests amid citizenship law outrage". CNBC. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
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