Circular dichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light.[1][2] Left-hand circular (LHC) and right-hand circular (RHC) polarized light represent two possible spin angular momentum states for a photon, and so circular dichroism is also referred to as dichroism for spin angular momentum.[3] This phenomenon was discovered by Jean-Baptiste Biot, Augustin Fresnel, and Aimé Cotton in the first half of the 19th century.[4] Circular dichroism and circular birefringence are manifestations of optical activity. It is exhibited in the absorption bands of optically active chiral molecules. CD spectroscopy has a wide range of applications in many different fields. Most notably, UV CD is used to investigate the secondary structure of proteins.[5] UV/Vis CD is used to investigate charge-transfer transitions.[6] Near-infrared CD is used to investigate geometric and electronic structure by probing metal d→d transitions.[2] Vibrational circular dichroism, which uses light from the infrared energy region, is used for structural studies of small organic molecules, and most recently proteins and DNA.[5]
^P. Atkins; J. de Paula (2005). Elements of Physical Chemistry (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7167-7329-0.
^ abEdward I. Solomon; A. B. P. Lever (3 February 2006). Inorganic electronic structure and spectroscopy. Wiley-Interscience. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-471-97124-5. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^Introduction to Quantum Theory 2ED David Park Sec 2.2 Pg32 "...the polarization of a beam of light is exactly the same kind of thing as the spin of a beam of electrons, the differences of terminology reflecting only the accidents of the historical order of discovery."
^Gerald D. Fasman (1996). Circular dichroism and the conformational analysis of biomolecules. Springer. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-306-45142-3. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^ abKōji Nakanishi; Nina Berova; Robert Woody (1994). Circular dichroism: principles and applications. VCH. p. 473. ISBN 978-1-56081-618-8. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^Solomon, Neidig; A. T. Wecksler; G. Schenk; T. R. Holman (2007). "Kinetic and Spectroscopic Studies of N694C Lipoxygenase: A Probe of the Substrate Activation Mechanism of a Non-Heme Ferric Enzyme". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (24): 7531–7537. doi:10.1021/ja068503d. PMC 2896304. PMID 17523638.
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Circulardichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light. Left-hand...
Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-07199-1. Alison Rodger (2014). "CircularDichroism and Linear Dichroism". Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons...
Vibrational circulardichroism (VCD) is a spectroscopic technique which detects differences in attenuation of left and right circularly polarized light...
Magnetic circulardichroism (MCD) is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) light, induced in a sample by a strong...
exclusively. Circulardichroism (CD) is the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light. Circulardichroism is the basis...
a Phi value analysis. Circulardichroism is one of the most general and basic tools to study protein folding. Circulardichroism spectroscopy measures...
Electron magnetic circulardichroism (EMCD) (also known as electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) is the EELS equivalent of XMCD. The effect...
associated with circular conversion dichroism, which causes directionally asymmetric transmission (reflection and absorption) of circularly polarized electromagnetic...
Linear dichroism (LD) or diattenuation is the difference between absorption of light polarized parallel and polarized perpendicular to an orientation...
polarized light as it travels through certain materials. Circular birefringence and circulardichroism are the manifestations of optical activity. Optical...
Synchrotron radiation circulardichroism spectroscopy, commonly referred to as SRCD and also known as VUV-circulardichroism or VUVCD spectroscopy, is...
regions of absorption, magnetic circulardichroism is observable. Absorption Circulardichroism Enzyme Magnetic circulardichroism Polarimetry Polarography Hyper–Rayleigh...
non-Hund spin configuration at the Mo atom by means of X-ray Magnetic CircularDichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy. Another approach in this field concerns comparative...
is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circulardichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance. In a wavelength...
temperature can also affect measurements. Cuvettes to be used in circulardichroism experiments should never be mechanically stressed, as the stress will...
connection with electron microscopy. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy Circulardichroism spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is a recent technique...
magnetic field "wraps around itself" Circulardichroism, the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light A form of axial chirality...
measured using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry, circulardichroism, SAXS and SANS. Direct manipulation of molecules using optical tweezers...
for Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, circulardichroism spectroscopy, magnetic circulardichroism spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence...
speeds (circular birefringence) and with different losses (circulardichroism). Both phenomena are jointly known as optical activity. Circular birefringence...
Frisch (1994). "Ab Initio Calculation of Vibrational Absorption and CircularDichroism Spectra Using Density Functional Force Fields". J. Phys. Chem. 98...
diamagnetic material), but when measured carefully with X-ray magnetic circulardichroism, has an extremely weak paramagnetic contribution that is overcome...
Alternative techniques include optical rotatory dispersion, vibrational circulardichroism, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, the use of chiral shift reagents...
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