Oranges are a cash crop that are treated with Imazalil (Enilconazole), a systemic fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi on fruit. In July 1999, the EPA classified Imazalil as "likely to be carcinogenic in humans," in the Draft Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment.[1] In a survey conducted by Pesticide Action Network (PAN), they found that more than 5% of fruit, vegetables and other foods carried harmful pesticide residues which posed "appreciable" health risks to consumers. Imazalil, exceeded the safe limit on 79% of oranges sampled.[2]
The Circle of Poison (COP) refers to the export of domestically banned pesticides for use on foods elsewhere, some of which returns by way of import.[3][4][5] The "circle" is complete when the toxic chemicals that were exported are then used to grow fruit, meat, and produce that are imported and available for domestic consumption.[6] This circle was first identified relative to the United States but the relationship also exists between other nations of the Global North and South.
^Smithers, Rebecca (25 September 2006). "Survey points to unsafe levels of pesticide residues in food". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^Weir, David; Schapiro, Mark (1987). Circle of poison : pesticides and people in a hungry world ([2nd printing] ed.). San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy. ISBN 9780935028096.
^Daberkow, Stan; Beach, Douglas. "Circle of Poison Legislation" (PDF).
^Crowe, Alice. "Heinonline". Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.
^Faber, Daniel (1993). Environment under fire : Imperialism and the ecological crisis in Central America. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9780853458401.
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