Global InformationChilean devil ray information
| Chilean devil ray | |
|---|---|
| |
Conservation status
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 Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Mobulidae |
| Genus: | Mobula |
| Species: | M. tarapacana
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| Binomial name | |
| Mobula tarapacana (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1892)
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The Chilean devil ray (Mobula tarapacana), also known as the box ray, greater Guinean mobula, sicklefin devil ray or the spiny mobula, is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae.[1] It is often observed worldwide, basking just below the surface in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate oceans,[3] mainly offshore, and occasionally appearing near the coast.[1] It can reach a disc width of up to 3.7 m (12 ft).[4]
Originally believed to be surface dwellers, Mobula tarapacana have been discovered to feed at depths of up to 1,896 metres (6,220 ft) during deep dives; they are among the deepest-diving ocean animals. Their dives often follow a stepwise pattern, in which the ray dives deeply, then works its way back up by repeatedly "levelling up" for a bit and then moving higher. Sonar observations suggest that rays level up where there are denser layers of prey, suggesting that this is a foraging behavior.[5][6][7]
Rays display two distinct deep-dive patterns. The stepwise dive pattern, which is usually only performed once every 24 hours, involves diving to the maximum depth and resurfacing after 60 to 90 minutes; a second pattern, which is less frequent, involves diving up to 1,000 meters for a maximum of 11 hours.[8] The latter pattern may be associated with traveling rather than feeding.[6]
The ray's behavior may be linked to an organ called the retia mirabilia, which is found in rays and in deep-diving great white sharks. A veined structure of blood vessels warms the ray's brain at colder depths. Rays stay near warmer surface water for at least an hour both before and after deep diving, suggesting that they are soaking up heat to prepare for and recover from their descent into colder water.[3][9][10]
- ^ a b c Marshall, A.; Barreto, R.; Bigman, J.S.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Pardo, S.A.; Rigby, C.L.; Romanov, E.; Walls, R.H.L. (2019). "Mobula tarapacana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T60199A124451161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T60199A124451161.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b Nuwer, Rachel (July 1, 2014). "Chilean Devil Rays Found to Be Among the Deepest-Diving Animals in the Ocean". Smithsonian Magazine.
- ^ White, William T.; Corrigan, Shannon; Yang, Lei; Henderson, Aaron C.; Bazinet, Adam L.; Swofford, David L.; Naylor, Gavin J. P. (2017). "Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 182: 50–75. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx018.
- ^ Pain, Stephanie (31 May 2022). "Call of the deep". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-052622-3. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b Thorrold, S. R.; Afonso, P.; Fontes, J.; Braun, C. D.; Santos, R. S.; Skomal, G. B.; Berumen, M. L. (2014-07-01). "Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean". Nature Communications. 5 (4274): 4274. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4274T. doi:10.1038/ncomms5274. PMC 4102113. PMID 24983949.
- ^ Braun, Camrin D.; Arostegui, Martin C.; Thorrold, Simon R.; Papastamatiou, Yannis P.; Gaube, Peter; Fontes, Jorge; Afonso, Pedro (3 January 2022). "The Functional and Ecological Significance of Deep Diving by Large Marine Predators". Annual Review of Marine Science. 14 (1): 129–159. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-032521-103517. ISSN 1941-1405. PMID 34416123. S2CID 237254422.
- ^ "Study: Devil Rays are Deepest-diving Ocean Animals". July 22, 2014.
- ^ "Tags Reveal Chilean Devil Rays Are Among Ocean's Deepest Divers". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. July 1, 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Webb, J. (2014-07-01). "Deep dives of devil rays solve 'mystery' of warm brain". BBC. Archived from the original on 2014-07-09.