Psychological effect on perceptions of attractiveness
The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect,[1] is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1.5–2.0% more attractive in a group than when seen alone.[2] The first paper to report this effect was written by Drew Walker and Edward Vul, in 2013.[3]
Physical attractiveness implies individuals' preferences in a sexual selection based on the evolutionary psychology. In 1979, Donald Symons first proposed this evolutionary explanation, suggesting that the evolving physical attractiveness results from mate assessment favoring partners who exhibited signs of good health and fertility, including face averageness.[4] This preference was proved to be shared across cultures.[5] Two parts constitute physical attractiveness, and most former studies investigated underlying mechanisms leading to cheerleader effect specifically in its subset, facial attractiveness.[1][2][5] Nevertheless, a study has recognized this effect in another physical appearance indicator, human body perceptions.[6]
The effect size of the cheerleader effect is not modulated by the presentation time,[2] the number of individuals surrounding the target,[3] spatial arrangement of the faces in the group.[7] However, another study argued that the arrangement of faces in the group might influence this effect since people's central viewing tendency might affect observers to focus more on the perceived attractiveness of the middle face in the group.[8]
Findings of this effect are interdisciplinary in applications. Based on them, mate choice,[9] marketing,[10] and social media[11] tactics are designed to increase the attractiveness of a target individual or item via the help of the group.
^ abYing, Haojiang; Burns, Edwin; Lin, Xinyi; Xu, Hong (Mar 2019). "Ensemble statistics shape face adaptation and the cheerleader effect". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 148 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1037/xge0000564. hdl:10356/145719. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 30802125. S2CID 73460597.
^ abcCarragher, Daniel J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Gwinn, O. Scott; Nicholls, Michael E. R. (2020-08-17). "The cheerleader effect is robust to experimental manipulations of presentation time". Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 32 (5–6): 553–561. doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1776718. hdl:1893/31328. ISSN 2044-5911.
^ abCite error: The named reference Walker2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Symons, Donald (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-987847-1. OCLC 1162574887.
^ abRhodes, Gillian; Yoshikawa, Sakiko; Clark, Alison; Lee, Kieran; McKay, Ryan; Akamatsu, Shigeru (May 2001). "Attractiveness of Facial Averageness and Symmetry in Non-Western Cultures: In Search of Biologically Based Standards of Beauty". Perception. 30 (5): 611–625. doi:10.1068/p3123. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 11430245. S2CID 15333152.
^Hsieh, Jean YJ; Gwinn, O Scott; Brooks, Kevin R; Stephen, Ian D; Carragher, Daniel J; Nicholls, Michael ER (May 2021). "The "cheerleader effect" in facial and bodily attractiveness: A result of memory bias and not perceptual encoding". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 74 (5): 972–980. doi:10.1177/1747021820976087. ISSN 1747-0218. PMID 33174508. S2CID 226303220.
^Carragher, Daniel J.; Lawrence, Blake J.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Nicholls, Michael E. R. (2018-02-07). "Visuospatial asymmetries do not modulate the cheerleader effect". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2548. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2548C. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20784-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5803192. PMID 29416057.
^Bindemann, Markus (2010-11-23). "Scene and screen center bias early eye movements in scene viewing". Vision Research. Vision Research Reviews. 50 (23): 2577–2587. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.016. ISSN 0042-6989. PMID 20732344. S2CID 18230236.
^McDowell, Jackie; Starratt, Valerie G. (Sep 2019). "Experimental examination and extension of the cheerleader effect". Personality and Individual Differences. 147: 245–249. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.004. ISSN 0191-8869. S2CID 164332202.
^Rao, Vithala R.; Russell, Gary J.; Bhargava, Hemant; Cooke, Alan; Derdenger, Tim; Kim, Hwang; Kumar, Nanda; Levin, Irwin; Ma, Yu; Mehta, Nitin; Pracejus, John; Venkatesh, R. (Mar 2018). "Emerging Trends in Product Bundling: Investigating Consumer Choice and Firm Behavior". Customer Needs and Solutions. 5 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1007/s40547-017-0075-x. ISSN 2196-2928. S2CID 256393478.
^Messner, Claude; Carnelli, Mattia; Höhener, Patrick Stefan (2021). "Change in Evaluation Mode Can Cause a Cheerleader Effect". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 607448. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607448. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8107816. PMID 33981266.
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