Polynomial whose roots are the eigenvalues of a matrix
This article is about the characteristic polynomial of a matrix or of an endomorphism of vector spaces. For the characteristic polynomial of a matroid, see Matroid. For that of a graded poset, see Graded poset.
In linear algebra, the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues as roots. It has the determinant and the trace of the matrix among its coefficients. The characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector space is the characteristic polynomial of the matrix of that endomorphism over any base (that is, the characteristic polynomial does not depend on the choice of a basis). The characteristic equation, also known as the determinantal equation,[1][2][3] is the equation obtained by equating the characteristic polynomial to zero.
In spectral graph theory, the characteristic polynomial of a graph is the characteristic polynomial of its adjacency matrix.[4]
^Guillemin, Ernst (1953). Introductory Circuit Theory. Wiley. pp. 366, 541. ISBN 0471330663.
^Forsythe, George E.; Motzkin, Theodore (January 1952). "An Extension of Gauss' Transformation for Improving the Condition of Systems of Linear Equations" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 6 (37): 18–34. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1952-0048162-0. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^Frank, Evelyn (1946). "On the zeros of polynomials with complex coefficients". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 52 (2): 144–157. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1946-08526-2.
^"Characteristic Polynomial of a Graph – Wolfram MathWorld". Retrieved August 26, 2011.
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In linear algebra, the characteristicpolynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues...
of a polynomial with degree 5 or more. (Generality matters because any polynomial with degree n {\displaystyle n} is the characteristicpolynomial of some...
obtained by equating to zero the characteristicpolynomial of a matrix or of a linear mapping Method of characteristics, a technique for solving partial...
isomorphic matroids have the same polynomial. The characteristicpolynomial of M – sometimes called the chromatic polynomial, although it does not count colorings...
meanings in specific domains Characteristicpolynomial, a polynomial associated with a square matrix in linear algebra Characteristic subgroup, a subgroup that...
differential equation is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the...
computationally much more efficient. Determinants are used for defining the characteristicpolynomial of a square matrix, whose roots are the eigenvalues. In geometry...
homogeneous, the coefficients determine the characteristicpolynomial (also "auxiliary polynomial" or "companion polynomial") p ( λ ) = λ n − a 1 λ n − 1 − a 2...
all eigenvalues of the matrix lie in K, or equivalently if the characteristicpolynomial of the operator splits into linear factors over K. This condition...
coefficients of p in reverse order. Reciprocal polynomials arise naturally in linear algebra as the characteristicpolynomial of the inverse of a matrix. In the special...
the characteristicpolynomial of A. So the algebraic multiplicity is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue as a zero of the characteristicpolynomial. Since...
A} ; this polynomial is the minimal polynomial. Any polynomial which annihilates A {\displaystyle A} (such as the characteristicpolynomial) is a multiple...
)}{\det \mathbf {A} }},} where xi is the ith entry of x. Let the characteristicpolynomial of A be p ( s ) = det ( s I − A ) = ∑ i = 0 n p i s i ∈ R [ s...
elementary symmetric polynomials are one type of basic building block for symmetric polynomials, in the sense that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed...
vectors. The characteristic function of a cooperative game in game theory. The characteristicpolynomial in linear algebra. The characteristic state function...
{1}{\phi (B)}}\varepsilon _{t}\,.} When the polynomial division on the right side is carried out, the polynomial in the backshift operator applied to ε t...
F, then the polynomial (x − a1)(x − a2) ⋯ (x − an) + 1 has no zero in F. However, the union of all finite fields of a fixed characteristic p is an algebraically...
of algebra, a polynomial ring or polynomial algebra is a ring (which is also a commutative algebra) formed from the set of polynomials in one or more...
First, it requires finding all eigenvalues, say as roots of the characteristicpolynomial, but it may not be possible to give an explicit expression for...
the ring of polynomials, of the matrix (with polynomial entries) XIn − A (the same one whose determinant defines the characteristicpolynomial). Note that...
{\displaystyle u=e^{\lambda t}} . That substitution yields the characteristicpolynomial p L ( λ ) = λ n + a 1 λ n − 1 + ⋯ + a n − 1 λ + a n {\displaystyle...
In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the...