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Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE, by archaeologist A.N. Podushkin. Central State Museum of Kazakhstan.[1][2]
Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[3] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.
^Museum notice
^Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020). "Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective". Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours. Vol. 53. pp. 149–165. doi:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165. ISBN 978-963-306-708-6. Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A.N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995) Podushkin, A.A. 2009. Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi: Edited by Z. Samashev, Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic: 147‒154{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)
Chinese: 冒顿单于; traditional Chinese: 冒頓單于; pinyin: Mòdú Chányú, Màodùn Chányú or Mòdùn Chányú, from Old Chinese (220 B.C.E.): *mouᴴ-tuən or *mək-tuən...
Deng Chanyu (Chinese: 鄧嬋玉) is a character in the classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi. An assertive and highly skilled Shang female warrior in martial...
Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. After overthrowing...
稽侯狦), was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, the son of Xulüquanqu Chanyu. He rebelled in 59 BC with the aid of Wushanmu and Woyanqudi Chanyu soon committed...
(ZS): *kun-gin; r. 161–126 BCE) was the son and successor to Laoshang Chanyu. As chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, Junchen outlived the Han emperors Wen (r. 180–157...
the Xiongnu and Donghu when Modu Chanyu came to power by ordering his men to kill his father in 209 BC. Modu Chanyu used the perceived weakness of the...
Er Chanyu (Chinese: 兒單于; r. 105-102 BC), born Wushilu, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. He succeeded his father Wuwei Chanyu in 105 BC and died from...
Xulihu Chanyu (Chinese: 呴犁湖; r. 102-101 BC) was a ruler of the Xiongnu Empire. Xulihu Chanyu was the younger brother of Wuwei Chanyu. He succeeded his...
the difficult Gobi Desert, and they did not want to lose this place. Modu Chanyu formed an army from the nomadic coalition he had just formed and crossed...
Punu (Chinese: 蒲奴) was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. Punu came to power in 46 AD when his brother Wudadihou died. At the time the Xiongnu were suffering...
personal name was Jiyu (Chinese: 稽鬻), was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire who succeeded his father Modu Chanyu in 174 BCE. Under his reign, the Xiongnu Empire...
The Northern Chanyu (Chinese: 北單于; pinyin: Běi Chányú; Wade–Giles: Pei Ch'anyü, reigned 89–91) was an unnamed and obscure chanyu or ruler of the Xiongnu...
(58 BCE): *tśit-kie < *tit-ke; died 36 BCE), also known as Jzh-jzh, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire at the time of the first Xiongnu civil war, who held...
Souxie (Chinese: 搜諧), born Jumixu, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Fuzhulei Ruoti, he reigned from 20 to 12 BC. Souxie...
born Nangzhiyasi (Chinese: 囊知牙斯), was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Juya Chanyu, he reigned from 8 BC to 13 AD. Wuzhuliu...
Juya (Chinese: 車牙), born Qiemoju, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Souxie, he reigned from 12 to 8 BC. Juya sent his son...
Anguo (Chinese: 安國) Chanyu was the son of Yifa Yulüti. He succeeded Tuntuhe in 93 AD and ruled until 94 AD. He was succeeded by Shizi. In 89 AD, Anguo...
Huduershidaogao (Chinese: 呼都而尸道皋), born Yu, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Wuzhuliu Chanyu, he reigned from 18 to 46 AD. Yu was the...
Fuzhulei Ruodi (Chinese: 復株絫若鞮), born Diaotaomogao, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, the son and successor of Huhanye. He ruled the Xiongnu Empire from...
Hulugu Chanyu. He ruled as the Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire from 85 to 68 BC. Huyandi was not first in the line of succession and only became chanyu, due...
Western Han dynasty (206 BC–8 AD), she was sent by Emperor Yuan to marry Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu Empire in order to establish friendly relations with...
Qiedihou (Chinese: 且鞮侯; r. 101–96 BCE), whose name was probably Qiedi, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, and the successor to Xulihu. His reign was contemporaneous...
from Old Chinese (220 B.C.E.): *do-mɑnᴬ, is the earliest named leader (chanyu) of the Xiongnu, reigning from c. 220–209 BCE. Competing with the Xiongnu...
chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. Wuwei succeeded his father Yizhixie in 114 BC and died in 105 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Er Chanyu. Wuwei Chanyu ruled...
Huchuquan was the last chanyu (r. 195–216) of the Southern Xiongnu during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a younger...
Yufuluo (於夫羅), was a puppet chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu during the late Han dynasty. In 188, he was appointed chanyu by the Han court following the...
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