Chaetognatha and some examples of their diversity.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Subkingdom:
Eumetazoa
Clade:
ParaHoxozoa
Clade:
Bilateria
Clade:
Nephrozoa
(unranked):
Protostomia
(unranked):
Spiralia
Clade:
Gnathifera
Phylum:
Chaetognatha Leuckart, 1854
Class:
Sagittoidea Claus & Grobben, 1905 [2]
Orders
†Ankalodous
Aphragmophora
†Capinatator
†Eognathacantha
Phragmophora
†Protoconodonta?
†Protosagitta
The Chaetognatha/kiːˈtɒɡnəθə/ or chaetognaths/ˈkiːtɒɡnæθs/ (meaning bristle-jaws) are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, they are mostly nektonic; however about 20% of the known species are benthic, and can attach to algae and rocks. They are found in all marine waters, from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are orange. They range in size from 2 to 120 millimetres (0.1 to 4.7 in).
Chaetognaths were first recorded by the Dutch naturalist Martinus Slabber in 1775.[3] As of 2021, biologists recognize 133 modern species assigned to over 26 genera and eight families.[3] Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is large.[4]
Arrow worms are strictly related to and possibly belonging to Gnathifera, a clade of protostomes that do not belong to either Ecdysozoa or Lophotrochozoa.
^Vannier J, Steiner M, Renvoisé E, Hu SX, Casanova JP (March 2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1610): 627–33. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986.
^"Sagittoidea Claus and Grobben, 1905". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
^ abCite error: The named reference Perez2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Bone Q, Kapp H, Pierrot-Bults AC, eds. (1991). The Biology of Chaetognaths. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857715-7.
The Chaetognatha /kiːˈtɒɡnəθə/ or chaetognaths /ˈkiːtɒɡnæθs/ (meaning bristle-jaws) are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of...
phyla of invertebrates are the Hemichordata, or acorn worms, and the Chaetognatha, or arrow worms. Other phyla include Acoelomorpha, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa...
and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology". Syst Biol...
The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 107 classes of animals in 33 phyla in this list. However, different...
including the Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida (segmented worms), Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, and Phoronida. For a list of marine animals that have...
protostomes, Ecdysozoa (molting animals) and Spiralia. The arrow worms (Chaetognatha) have proven difficult to classify; recent studies place them in the...
pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia 6,000 extant Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms: 342 Chitinous spines either side of head,...
fins. For anatomy, reproduction, classification, and fossil record; see Chaetognatha Three subspecies are recognised - Sagitta elegans arctica, Sagitta elegans...
January 2019). "Serendipitous Discovery in a Marine Invertebrate (Phylum Chaetognatha) of the Longest Giant Viruses Reported till Date". Biology. Brumfiel...
and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology - retrieved...
III.—The Chætognatha. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, (2)10, 55–87. Tokioka, T. (1965). The taxonomical outline of Chaetognatha. Publications...
mitochondrial DNA sequence suggests that the Bryozoa may be related to the Chaetognatha. Most species are filter feeders that sieve small particles, mainly phytoplankton...
and lower surfaces ; Bryozoa, also known as moss animals or sea mats; Chaetognatha, commonly known as arrow worms, are a phylum of predatory marine worms...
The largest prehistoric animals include both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Many of them are described below, along with their typical range of size...
ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia: chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 460. ISBN 978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC 973607714...
Aphragmophora is an order of sagittodieans in the phylum Chaetognatha. Bathybelidae Bieri, 1989 Krohnittidae Tokioka, 1965 Pterokrohniidae Bieri, 1991...
commonly encountered organisms include ctenophores, medusae, salps, and Chaetognatha in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including Annelida...
known about their behaviour, but it is believed to feed on prey such as chaetognatha, large fish such as the Patagonian toothfish, and smaller squid in the...
including Astropecten species, several species of xanthid crabs. species of Chaetognatha (arrow worms), species of Nemertea (ribbon worms), a polyclad flatworm...
including the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Chaetognatha, and Phoronida; Mollusca including shellfish, squid, octopus; Arthropoda...
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