Type of personalist leader wielding political power
For the documentary film, see Caudillo (film).
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1963 Spanish peseta coin with the image of Generalísimo Francisco Franco, and inscription Caudillo de España, por la Gracia de Dios (Spanish: "Caudillo of Spain, by the Grace of God")Juan Manuel de Rosas, c. 1841 by Cayetano Descalzi, the caudillo paradigm
A caudillo (/kɔːˈdiː(l)joʊ,kaʊˈ-/kaw-DEE(L)-yoh, kow-, Spanish:[kawˈðiʎo]; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") is a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.[1] There is no precise English translation of caudillo, though it is often used interchangeably with "warlord" and "strongman". The term is historically associated with Spain, and with Hispanic America after virtually all of the region won independence in the early nineteenth century.
The roots of caudillismo may be tied to the framework of rule in medieval and early modern Spain during the Reconquista from the Moors.[2] Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro exhibit characteristics of the caudillo, being successful military leaders, having mutual reliance on the leader and their supporters, and rewarding them for their loyalty.[3] During the colonial era, the Spanish crown asserted its power and established a plethora of bureaucratic institutions that prevented personalist rule. Historian John Lynch argues that the rise of caudillos in Spanish America is rooted not in the distant Spanish past but in the immediate context of the Spanish American wars of independence. Those wars overthrew colonial rule and left a power vacuum in the early nineteenth century. Caudillos were very influential in the history of Spanish America and have a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern era.[4]
Emilio Aguinaldo, First President of the Philippines."El Caudillo" in The Struggle for Freedom and Total Independence of His People. Also in Hispano Asia (Philippines) Emilio Aguinaldo was invested by popular acclamation as the Caudillo of the "Philippine Revolutionary War", he is the leader of a national liberation against the Spanish Empire and an anti-imperialist resistance against the US.
The term is often used pejoratively by critics of a regime. However, Spain's General Francisco Franco (1936–1975) proudly took the title as his own[5] during and after his military overthrow of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Spanish censors during his rule attacked publishers who applied the term to Hispanic American strongmen.[6]Caudillos' exercise of power is a form considered authoritarian. Most societies have had personalist leaders at times, but Hispanic America has had many more,[7] the majority of whom were not self-described caudillos. However, scholars have applied the term to a variety of Hispanic-American leaders.[8][9][10][11][12]
^"caudillo | Definición". Diccionario de la Lengua Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^Morse, Richard M (1954). "Toward a Theory of Spanish American Government". Journal of the History of Ideas. 15 (1): 71–93. doi:10.2307/2707650. JSTOR 2707650., reprinted in Hamil, pp. 72–86.
^Hamill, Hugh M. (1996) "Caudillismo, Caudillo" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Vol. 2, pp. 38–39.
^Lynch, p. 437.
^"Introduction", pp. 5–6 in Hamil.
^Payne, Stanley G. (1987) The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 625. ISBN 0299110702
^"Introduction", p. 3 in Hamil
^"Hidalgo and Calleja: The Colonial Bases of Caudillismo", pp. 99–114 in Hamil.
^Shumway, Jeffrey M (2004). "Juan Manuel de Rosas: Authoritarian Caudillo and Primitive Populist". History Compass. 2: **. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00113.x.
^Haigh, Roger M (1964). "The Creation and Control of a Caudillo". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 44 (4): 481–490. doi:10.2307/2511708. JSTOR 2511708.
^Rausch, Jane M (2015). "The Taming of a Colombian Caudillo: Juan Nepomuceno Moreno of Casanare". The Americas. 42 (3): 275–288. doi:10.2307/1006928. JSTOR 1006928. S2CID 147633176.
^Grieb, Kenneth J. (1979). Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico, Guatemala 1931–1944. Athens OH: Ohio University Press.
A caudillo (/kɔːˈdiː(l)joʊ, kaʊˈ-/ kaw-DEE(L)-yoh, kow-, Spanish: [kawˈðiʎo]; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head")...
A caudillo (Spanish pronunciation: [kawˈdiʎo]; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head". Caudillo means "little head"...
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thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's...
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Llanos del Caudillo is a municipality in Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 692. Llanos del Caudillo was founded by colonist...
October 1, 1936 General Francisco Franco was proclaimed Head of State (Caudillo) in parts of Spain controlled by Nationalist (nacionales) forces after...
time, such as Führer (for Adolf Hitler), Duce (for Benito Mussolini) and Caudillo (for Francisco Franco). Tánaiste, in turn, refers to the system of tanistry...
fascist leaders adopted, such as the position of Führer by Adolf Hitler and Caudillo by Francisco Franco. In September 1943, Mussolini styled himself as the...
countries, the term has also come to mean a political boss, similar to a caudillo, exercising power in a system of caciquism. The Taíno word kasike descends...
lasted only a few months before being crushed at the hands of royalist caudillo José Tomás Boves and his personal army of llaneros. The end of the French...
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American society. The theme of caudillismo—the régime of a charismatic caudillo, a political strongman—is addressed by examining the relationships between...
Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo. After his death in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During this...
June 1900 – 6 February 1988) was the wife of the dictator, general and "caudillo" Francisco Franco. She exerted a major influence in censoring the press...
influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a caudillo, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached...
Argentine province of Entre Ríos, led by a caudillo. In spite of the "Republic" in its title, General Ramírez, its caudillo, never really intended to declare an...
Desiderio Arias Álvarez (1872–1931) was a notable soldier and caudillo who gained a significant following throughout the northern band of the Dominican...
but retained autocratic control, with some dissenters labelling him a caudillo (dictator); he argued that a successful revolution could not be run by...
Retrieved 10 July 2018. Scheina, 2003, Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, p. 58. Gootenberg (1991) p. 12. Discover Peru (Peru cultural...
interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power. As the new president of the Confederation, Urquiza...
short-lived governments were again the norm, with their power usurped by caudillos in parts of the country. Furthermore, the national government was bankrupt...
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