Caste system among South Asian Muslims information
Social system in South Asia
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Muslim communities in South Asia apply a system of social stratification.[1] The stratification that operates among Muslims arises from concerns other than in the concepts of pure and impure that are integral to the Indian caste system.[2][3] It developed as a result of relations between the foreign conquerors and local upper caste Hindus who were forced to convert to Islam (Ashraf) (also known as tabqa-i ashrafiyya[4]) and the local lower caste converts (Ajlaf) as well as the continuation of the Indian caste system among local converts.[5] Non-Ashrafs are backward caste converts.[6] The neologism[clarification needed]"Pasmanda" includes Ajlaf and Arzal Muslims, and Ajlafs' statuses are defined by them being the descendants of converts to Islam and are also defined by their pesha (profession).[7] These terms are not used in local, sociological vocabulary in places such as Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh, and therefore tell us very little about the functioning of Muslim society.[7]
The Biradari System is how social stratification manifests itself in Pakistan, and to an extent also India.[8] The South Asian Muslim caste system also includes hierarchical classifications of khandan (dynasty, family, or lineage descent) and nasal (a group based on blood ties and lineage).[7]
^Pratik Patnaik (December 2, 2020). "Caste Among Indian Muslims Is a Real Issue. So Why Deny Them Reservation?". The Wire.
^Azra Khanam 2013, pp. 120–121.
^Webner, Pnina (2007). The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 9781472518477. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^Julien Levesque 2020, p. 4.
^Gautier, Laurence; Levesque, Julien (July 2020). "Introduction: Historicizing Sayyid-ness: Social Status and Muslim Identity in South Asia". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 30 (3): 383–393. doi:10.1017/S1356186320000139. ISSN 1356-1863.
^"Ashraf: Islamic Caste Group". Britannica. 2021.
^ abcRemy Delage 2014.
^Mughees Ahmed (2009), "Local-bodies or local "biradari" system: An analysis of the role of burglaries in the local bodies system of Punjab" (PDF), Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, 30 (1): 81–92
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