"Blue beech" redirects here. For Japanese blue beech, see Fagus japonica.
Carpinus caroliniana
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fagales
Family:
Betulaceae
Genus:
Carpinus
Species:
C. caroliniana
Binomial name
Carpinus caroliniana
Walter
Natural range of C. caroliniana
Synonyms[2]
Carpinus americanus Michx.
Carpinus ostryoides Raf.
Carpinus caroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood understory tree in the genus Carpinus. American hornbeam is also known as blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood and muscle beech. It is native to eastern North America, from Minnesota and southern Ontario east to Maine, and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida. It also grows in Canada (southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario).[3][4] It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.
^Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Carpinus caroliniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194277A2308692. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194277A2308692.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^"Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 April 2015 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
^"Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^Metzger, F. T. (1990). "Carpinus caroliniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
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Carpinuscaroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood understory tree in the genus Carpinus. American hornbeam is also known as blue-beech,...
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hophornbeam is similar to its close relative American hornbeam (Carpinuscaroliniana), which can be distinguished by its smooth bark and nutlets enclosed...
balsamifera (Salicaceae), Alnus rugosa, Betula alleghaniensis and Carpinuscaroliniana (Betulaceae), Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae), Tilia americana (Malvaceae)...
(Quercus phellos), swamp laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and hornbeam (Carpinuscaroliniana). "East Gulf Coastal Plain Large River Floodplain Forest". NatureServe...
United States. The wingspan is 6.5–7 mm. The larvae feed on Carpinus americana, Carpinuscaroliniana, Corylus species (including Corylus americana) and Ostrya...
entomologist Annette Frances Braun in 1917. The larvae mine the leaves of Carpinuscaroliniana and Corylus americana. There are two generations per year (bivoltine)...
hindwings are whitish fuscous, darker apically. The larvae feed on Carpinuscaroliniana. Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson...
several other hardwoods. Understory trees include American hornbeam (Carpinuscaroliniana), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), and American strawberry-bush...
alleghaniensis Sweet birch, Betula lenta River birch, Betula nigra Hornbeam, Carpinuscaroliniana Eastern hop hornbeam, Ostrya virginiana Fagaceae American chestnut...
red maple (Acer rubrum), often with a dense mid-story of ironwood (Carpinuscaroliniana). Among the many wildflowers are three irises, yellow iris (Iris...
(Celtis laevigata). Other plants in the understory include hornbeam (Carpinuscaroliniana), dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor), American beautyberry (Callicarpa...
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