Distribution of the cane toad, native distribution in blue, introduced in red
Synonyms
Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758
Bufo marinus Schneider, 1799
Rhinella marinus[2][3][4]
Chaunus marinus[4]
The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo.
A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene in Colombia is morphologically indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the R. marina habitat preferences have long been for open areas.[citation needed] The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a snout-vent length of 24 cm (9.4 in).
The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Its toxic skin can kill many animals, both wild and domesticated, and cane toads are particularly dangerous to dogs. Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method of agricultural pest control. The common name of the species is derived from its use against the cane beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum), which damages sugar cane. The cane toad is now considered a pest and an invasive species in many of its introduced regions. The 1988 film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History documented the trials and tribulations of the introduction of cane toads in Australia.
^Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Geoffrey Hammerson, Blair Hedges, Arvin Diesmos, Masafumi Matsui, Jean-Marc Hero, Stephen Richards, Luis Coloma, Santiago Ron, Enrique La Marca, Jerry Hardy, Robert Powell, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Paulino Ponce (2009). "Rhinella marina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T41065A10382424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T41065A10382424.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5". Frost, Darrel R. American Museum of Natural History, New York. 31 January 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
^Pramuk, Jennifer B.; Robertson, Tasia; Sites, Jack W.; Noonan, Brice P. (2007). "Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 17: 070817112457001––. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x.
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Conservation of Nature, though may have declined with the spread of the canetoad. Its venom is not as potent as those of Australia's other dangerous snakes...
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Pacific newts) American toad Asiatic toadCanetoad Colorado River toad Common toad Corroboree frog European green toad Fowler's toad Mantella Poison dart...
Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the canetoad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere...
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