original version of Orel (older proposal) Automated Transfer Vehicle evolution variant (later proposal)
Derivatives
Orel (after Russian departure from the project)
Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS), or Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS), was a proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations such as servicing the International Space Station, but also capable of exploration of the Moon and beyond. It was originally a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Roscosmos, but later became solely an ESA project. This study was conceived as a basic strategic plan to keep a viable European human spaceflight program alive.
CSTS had completed an initial study phase, which lasted for 18 months from September 2006 to spring 2008, before the project was shut down before an ESA member state conference in November 2008. However, the head of the ESA denies that the ATV evolution plan is an alternative and talks are still ongoing as to whether or not to continue funding the ACTS plan.[1] As of late November 2008, the project funding has been limited to a feasibility study with a launch of an actual vehicle possible no earlier than 2017.[2]
In 2009 Russia decided it would go with a version of the original design of the CSTS and renamed it the Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS).[3] ESA decided to go with an ACTS (Advanced Crew Transportation System), an evolution of the CSTS craft that would be an upgraded crewed version of the ATV spacecraft. In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crewed variation of the European ATV vehicle which is believed to now be the basis of the ACTS design.[4] Since early 2013, ESA and NASA have begun cooperation on developing the European Service Module for the current version of the Orion spacecraft. This has cast previous ESA efforts concerning a crewed derivative of the ATV spacecraft into uncertainty. As of summer 2015, no known new developments on the CSTS/ACTS project have been disclosed to the public.
^"ESA aims for manned capsule by 2020". Flight Global. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^Zak, Anatoly (July 2008). "Advanced Crew Transportation System". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^Zak, Anatoly (March 2009). "Perspective Piloted Transport System". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^Coppinger, Rob (7 July 2009). "PICTURE: EADS Astrium wins €21 million reentry vehicle study". Seradata. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
the CSTS concept together. In mid July 2006, the Kliper tender process was cancelled, after having no winners. Reasons given for choosing the CSTS over...
Look up cst in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CST or Cst may refer to: Central Standard Time, North America: UTC−06:00 China Standard Time: UTC+08:00...
CST Brands, Inc. was an American publicly traded fuel and convenience retailer. It was the second-largest of its kind in North America, with 1,900 outlets...
The Boeing Starliner (or CST-100) is a class of partially reusable spacecraft designed to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS) and...
Territories (CSTs) and several CST boundaries were updated. Additionally, CST 2 and CST 11 were merged into adjacent CSTs resulting in a total of 14 CSTs. Until...
Support Team (WMD-CST or CST) supports civil authorities in the event of the use, or threatened use, of a weapon of mass destruction. CSTs are federally funded...
from Victoria Terminus to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after Shivaji, the 17th-century warrior king and the first Chhatrapati of...
The CST complex is a cellular multiprotein complex involved in telomere maintenance. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), it is composed of the...
The CST Thor series of personal computers are Sinclair QL-compatible systems designed and produced by Cambridge Systems Technology during the late 1980s...
Support Tankers (CSTs) (fuel); 82 Tactical Aircraft Refuellers (TARs) and 48 CSTs (water); a contract option for an additional nine CST (water) has been...
The Ibanez RG7 CST was a very limited run of top quality 7-string guitars. There were only 18 of these made in 1999. Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit played...
KALIDASA". www.bihartimes.in. Retrieved 20 August 2021. csts.org.in. "Mithila and Kalidas". csts.org.in. Retrieved 21 August 2021. "बिहार के मधुबनी में...
Zone is affected by two time designations yearly: Central Standard Time (CST) is observed from the first Sunday in November to the second Sunday in March...
Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE CStJ (27 May 1922 – 7 June 2015) was an English actor, singer, and military officer. In a career spanning more...
Chicagoan GDP • Chicago (MSA) $832.9 billion (2022) Time zone UTC−06:00 (CST) • Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (CDT) ZIP Code prefixes 606xx, 607xx, 608xx Area...
HDI (2022) 0.788 high (75th) Currency Renminbi (元/¥) (CNY) Time zone UTC+8 (CST) Date format YMD Driving side right (mainland) left (Hong Kong, Macau) Calling...
language English (80.8%) Spanish (14.9%) Other (5.1%) Time zone UTC−06:00 (CST) • Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (CDT) USPS abbreviation IL ISO 3166 code US-IL...
HDI (2022) 0.764 high (85th) Currency Cuban peso (CUP) Time zone UTC−5 (CST) • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (CDT) Calling code +53 ISO 3166 code CU Internet TLD...
FIFA 31 May 1986 12:00 CST Estadio Azteca, Mexico City Attendance: 96,000 Referee: Erik Fredriksson (Sweden) 2 June 1986 12:00 CST Estadio Olímpico Universitario...
Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the...
solid rocker boosters, and two Centaur second-stage engines. Boeing PR. "CST-100 Starliner". Boeing. Retrieved August 29, 2020. "NASA Shares Initial Findings...
numerical mathematics, the constant strain triangle element, also known as the CST element or T3 element, is a type of element used in finite element analysis...
capita ¥190,059 (2nd) $28,258 (nominal) $46,401 (PPP) Time zone UTC+08:00 (CST) Postal codes 100000–102629 Area code 10 ISO 3166 code CN-BJ – Growth 0...
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