This article is about the psychological phenomenon. For the bystander effect in radiobiology, see Bystander effect (radiobiology).
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The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people. First proposed in 1964 after the murder of Kitty Genovese, much research, mostly in psychology research laboratories, has focused on increasingly varied factors, such as the number of bystanders, ambiguity, group cohesiveness, and diffusion of responsibility that reinforces mutual denial. If a single individual is asked to complete the task alone, the sense of responsibility will be strong, and there will be a positive response; however, if a group is required to complete the task together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility, and will often shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities. The theory was prompted by the murder of Kitty Genovese about which it was wrongly reported that 38 bystanders watched passively.
Recent research has focused on "real world" events captured on security cameras, and the coherency and robustness of the effect has come under question.[1] More recent studies also show that this effect can generalize to workplace settings, where subordinates often refrain from informing managers regarding ideas, concerns, and opinions.[2][3]
^Philpot, Richard; Liebst, Lasse Suonperä; Levine, Mark; Bernasco, Wim; Lindegaard, Marie Rosenkrantz (2020). "Would I be helped? Cross-national CCTV footage shows that intervention is the norm in public conflicts" (PDF). American Psychologist. 75 (1): 66–75. doi:10.1037/amp0000469. hdl:10871/37604. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 31157529. S2CID 173993332. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
^Hussain, Insiya; Shu, Rui; Tangirala, Subrahmaniam; Ekkirala, Srinivas (2019). "The Voice Bystander Effect: How Information Redundancy Inhibits Employee Voice". Academy of Management Journal. 62 (3): 828–849. doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0245. ISSN 0001-4273. S2CID 149823915.
^Bicchieri, Cristina; Fukui, Yoshitaka (1999). "The Great Illusion: Ignorance, Informational Cascades, and the Persistence of Unpopular Norms". Experience, Reality, and Scientific Explanation. The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. Vol. 61. Springer Netherlands. pp. 89–121. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9191-1_5. ISBN 978-94-015-9191-1. S2CID 66086524.
The bystandereffect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence...
likely to help the greater the number of bystanders, demonstrating the bystandereffect. The bystandereffect is a specific type of diffusion of responsibility—when...
aid. The incident prompted inquiries into what became known as the bystandereffect, or "Genovese syndrome", and the murder became a staple of U.S. psychology...
previous experience in a team sport may not show the Ringelmann effect. Bystandereffect Diffusion of responsibility Social facilitation Social loafing...
Albert Bandura's research on moral disengagement, research on the bystandereffect by John M. Darley and Bibb Latané, and Zimbardo's own later work on...
Look up bystander or bystanders in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Bystander. Bystander may refer to: Bystander (novel)...
regard to the bystandereffect, studies have shown that emergencies deemed ambiguous trigger the appearance of the classic bystandereffect (wherein more...
an effect. Conversely, some drugs were shown to block gap junction channels. The bystandereffect has its connotations of the innocent bystander being...
therapy for cancer using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was patented. The bystandereffect (BE) is phenomenon as a result of which it is possible to kill untransfected...
PMID 22940902. "BystanderEffect". www.psychologytoday.com. Archived from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2023-02-28. "BystanderEffect". www.psychologytoday...
misconceptions can lead to negative consequences like groupthink and the bystandereffect. Floyd Allport first discussed the phenomenon of "literal attitude...
when the groups were forced to work together to solve problems. The bystandereffect is demonstrated in a series of famous experiments by Bibb Latane and...
Medvec believe that this phenomenon is partially the reason for the bystandereffect. They found that concern or alarm were not as apparent to observers...
emotional processes responsible for a person's motivation to help. The bystandereffect is the concept that people are less willing to help in the presence...
is deriving pleasure from the situation. Green Dot Bystander Intervention Bystandereffect "Bystander Intervention". sapac.umich.edu. University of Michigan...
Steven (May 2016). "Recursive mentalizing and common knowledge in the bystandereffect". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 145 (5): 621–629. doi:10...
motivated by different factors or stimuli. Also known as the bystandereffect, bystander apathy occurs when, during an emergency, those standing by do...
number of bystanders witnessing pain or suffering affects the likelihood of helping (the Bystandereffect). More significant numbers of bystanders decrease...
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