Burning of books and burying of scholars information
Qin dynasty purge of heterodoxy (213–212 BCE)
The Qin dynasty in 210 BCE Qin region Outlying regions
Burning of books and burying of scholars
Traditional Chinese
焚書坑儒
Simplified Chinese
焚书坑儒
Literal meaning
burning books and burying scholars
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
fénshū kēngrú
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
fernshu kengru
Wade–Giles
fen2-shu1 k'eng1-ju2
IPA
[fə̌n.ʂú kʰə́ŋ.ɻǔ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
fàhn-syū hāang-yùh
Jyutping
fan4-syu1 haang1-jyu4
Southern Min
Tâi-lô
hûn-tsu khenn-lû
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
bɨunɕɨʌkʰˠæŋȵɨo
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)
*buns-takʰˤreŋnyu
The burning of books and burying of scholars was the purported burning of texts in 213 BCE and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 212 BCE ordered by Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang. The events were alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought, with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of Legalism.
Modern historians doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later in the Han dynasty official Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian. As a court scholar, Sima had every reason to denigrate the earlier emperor to flatter his own, but later Confucians did not question the story. According to the historian Ulrich Neininger, their message was, "If you take our life, Heaven will take the life of your dynasty."[1]
Modern scholars agree that Qin Shi Huang gathered and destroyed many works that he regarded as incorrect or subversive. He ordered two copies of each text to be preserved in imperial libraries. Some were destroyed in the fighting following the fall of the dynasty. He had scholars killed, but not by being buried alive, and the victims were not "Confucians", since that school had not yet been formed as such.[2][3][4]
^Neininger (1983), p. 122.
^Goldin (2005), p. 151.
^Nylan (2001), pp. 29–30.
^Kern (2010), pp. 111–112.
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