The brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) is a small freshwater fish that is distributed across the US and Canada. It grows to a length of about 2 inches. It occupies the northern part of the eastern United States, as well as the southern half of Canada. Small populations are scattered throughout the Mississippi-Great Lakes basin extending to Colorado, New Mexico, Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., though some of these areas are not native to the species.[3] This small fish inhabits clear, cool streams and lakes. They eat small invertebrates, algae, insect larvae, and occasionally their own eggs. They are also preyed upon by smallmouth bass and northern pike.[3] Feeding time is usually dawn and sunset. The brook stickleback does have active competition mostly from minnows, but feeding times are different, along with diet.[4] Spawning occurs in midsummer. Males secure a territory, build a nest, and mate with females. Males provide protection for the eggs, ward off predators, and usually die later in the season. This is considered an annual species.[5] The nests are built out of aquatic grasses.[6] Though the brook stickleback is not considered a threatened species, deforesting and changing waters are altering ecosystems of the species. Harvesting of trees around riparian environments is having a large effect of the stream ecosystem where the brook stickleback resides.[7]
^NatureServe. (2013). "Culaea inconstans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T184086A15363894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T184086A15363894.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.}
^Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Culaea inconstans" in FishBase. June 2022 version.
^ abMcAllister, Chris T.; Villeda, Virgilio A.; Charron, Kyle (2010). "Two New Geographic Distribution Records for the Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Gastrosteiformes: Gastrosteidae), in Northwestern Nebraska". The American Midland Naturalist. 163: 473. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-163.2.473.
^Stewart, D.B. 2007. Fish diets and food webs in the Northwest Territories: brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2798: 1-17
^King, Stanley D.; Cone, David K. (2008). "Persistence of Dactylogyrus eucalius (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) on the Short-Lived Host Culaea inconstans (Pisces: Gasterosteiformes)". Journal of Parasitology. 94: 973. doi:10.1645/GE-1495.1.
^Acere, T.O. 1986. Age, growth and life history of Culaea inconstans (Pisces: Gasterostidae) in Delta Marsh Lake Manitoba. Hydrobiologia 135: 35-44
^Chizinski, C. J. 2010. The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 1946-1958
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