Boris Lvovich Astaurov (27 October 1904 – 21 June 1974) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and geneticist who worked on breeding experiments including pioneering work on silkworms, in which he demonstrated the induction of parthenogenesis, polyploidy, and cloning. He produced fertile tetraploid hybrids of the silkworm species Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina. Astaurov was among the few Mendelian geneticists who survived Stalin's purge.