Documents written on the inner layer of birch bark
A birch bark manuscript from Kashmir of the Rupavatara, a grammatical textbook based on the Sanskrit grammar of Pāṇini (dated 1663)
Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the mass production of paper. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and appears in various cultures. The oldest such manuscripts are the numerous Gandhāran Buddhist texts from approximately the 1st century CE, from what is now Afghanistan. They contain among the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a Dhammapada, discourses of Buddha that include the Rhinoceros Sutra, Avadanas and Abhidharma texts.
Sanskrit birch bark manuscripts written with Brahmi script have been dated to the first few centuries CE. Several early Sanskrit writers, such as Kālidāsa (c. 4th century CE), Sushruta (c. 3rd century CE), and Varāhamihira (6th century CE) mention its use for manuscripts. The bark of Betula utilis (Himalayan Birch) is still used today in India and Nepal for writing sacred mantras. Russian texts discovered in Veliky Novgorod have been dated to approximately the 9th to 15th century CE. Most of those documents are letters written by various people in the Old Novgorod dialect. The Irish language's native writing system Ogham, sometimes called the "tree alphabet", was traditionally attributed to the god Ogma who wrote a proscription on birch to Lugh, warning him; the text of this proscription can be found in the Book of Ballymote. The first letter of Ogham is beith; beithe means "birch".
and 26 Related for: Birch bark manuscript information
Birchbarkmanuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birchbark, which was commonly used for writing before the mass production...
Birchbark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus Betula. The strong and water-resistant cardboard-like...
climbing a birch tree till it bent, till it gave and swooped to the ground, but that's what boys did in those days". BirchbarkBirchbarkmanuscript Taxonomy...
The Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient Indian mathematical text written on birchbark that was found in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, Mardan (near...
is a hapax legomenon of the known corpus of the Medieval Russian birchbarkmanuscripts. The word occurs in inscription no. 600 from Novgorod, dated ca...
and are in Gandhari language. The collection includes birchbark scrolls and palm-leaf manuscripts. Acquired by the British Library since 1994, they have...
Gupta script (late Brahmi script) on birchbark, it is variously dated in 5th to early 6th century. The Bower manuscript includes the oldest dated fragments...
[kəɫbɐˈsa]), mentioned as early as the 12th century[citation needed] in Birchbarkmanuscript number 842. In the Russian language the word kolbasa refers to all...
of birchbark with writing on it have been found, and continue to be discovered. In Russia, birchbarkmanuscripts are called beresta ('birchbark', plural:...
found. If the ancient surfaces for writing Sanskrit were palm leaves, tree bark and cloth – the same as those in later times – these have not survived. According...
by Andrey Zaliznyak to describe the Old East Slavic dialect found in birchbark writings (berestyanaya gramota). Dating from the 11th to 15th centuries...
North Russian dialects since the 14th century). It is found in birchbarkmanuscripts and in some other Russian texts. Other glyphs could be used in the...
Sanskritized. Until 1994, the only Gāndhāri manuscript available to the scholars was a birchbarkmanuscript of a Buddhist text, the Dharmapāda, discovered...
angel, its name is spelled in various ways: Two mid-12th century birchbarkmanuscripts were found apparently containing the archangel's name, spelled as...
quite brittle. The heartwood is pink or light reddish brown. The bark of Himalayan birch was used centuries ago in India as paper for writing lengthy scriptures...
grivna but a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-century birchbarkmanuscript from Novgorod, where both ruble and grivna referred to 204 grams...
ritual, Kashmiri Pandit theologians across Kashmir would place their manuscripts in covered platters before idols of the goddess Sharada, to obtain her...
North Russian dialects since the 14th century). It is found in birchbarkmanuscripts and in some other Russian texts. Other glyphs could be used in the...
Atharvaveda manuscripts found in Pune, India The Kashmiri Paippalada Recension of the Atharvaveda, Images of 16th century birch-barkmanuscript of Atharvaveda...
orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birchbark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered...
century AD Baburnama, Persian, Paper, AD 1598 Balabodhini, Sanskrit, Birch-barkmanuscript, 12th century AD Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, Sanskrit, Palm leaf;...
through an oral tradition for centuries before they were written down in manuscript form. While most Sanskrit texts were composed in ancient India, others...
Bhasya or deciphering commentary that fills in the "weft". The oldest manuscripts that have survived into the modern era that contain extensive sutras...
unearthed over a thousand of birchbarkmanuscripts, used mostly to document various business issues. Currently, these manuscripts serve as the main source...
Global Information