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Bilateralism is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism, which is activity by a single state or jointly by multiple states, respectively. When states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to diplomatic relations, they create a bilateral relationship. States with bilateral ties will exchange diplomatic agents such as ambassadors to facilitate dialogues and cooperations.
Economic agreements, such as free trade agreements (FTAs) or foreign direct investment (FDI), signed by two states, are a common example of bilateralism. Since most economic agreements are signed according to the specific characteristics of the contracting countries to give preferential treatment to each other, not a generalized principle but a situational differentiation is needed. Thus through bilateralism, states can obtain more tailored agreements and obligations that only apply to particular contracting states. However, the states will face a trade-off because it is more wasteful in transaction costs than the multilateral strategy. In a bilateral strategy, a new contract has to be negotiated for each participant. So it tends to be preferred when transaction costs are low and the member surplus, which corresponds to "producer surplus" in economic terms, is high. Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence.[1]
^Thompson, Alexander; Verdier, Daniel (March 2014). "Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Regime Design" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 58 (1). International Studies Association: 15–28. doi:10.1111/isqu.12100. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via Ohio State University Department of Political Science.
Bilateralism is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism...
particular: Bilateria, bilateral animals Bilateralism, the political and cultural relations between two states Bilateral, occurring on both sides of an organism...
policies, governments face a choice between unilateralism, bilateralism and multilateralism. Bilateralism means coordination with another single country. Multilateralism...
In telecommunication, bilateral synchronization (or bilateral control) is a synchronization control system between exchanges A and B in which the clock...
Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties...
A bilateral monopoly is a market structure consisting of both a monopoly (a single seller) and a monopsony (a single buyer). Bilateral monopoly is a market...
A bilateral filter is a non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducing smoothing filter for images. It replaces the intensity of each pixel with a weighted...
Bilateral sound is a type of bilateral stimulation used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the same manner as eye movement. It...
Bilateral netting in finance and investments is a legally enforceable arrangement between a bank and a counterparty that creates a single legal obligation...
Bilateral cingulotomy is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1948 as an alternative to lobotomy. Today, it is mainly used in the treatment of depression...
trade has mostly disappeared. Bilateral trade is a manifestation of bilateralism; in contrast, multilateralism and in particular multilateral trade agreements...
Bilateral vestibulopathy results as the culmination of damage done to both inner ears. Bilateral vestibulopathy causes problems in hearing, balance, and...
called bilaterians (/ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriən/ BY-lə-TEER-ee-ən), characterized by bilateral symmetry (i.e. having a left and a right side that are mirror images of...
A bilateral treaty (also called a bipartite treaty) is a treaty strictly between two state entities. It is an agreement made by negotiations between two...
or ATA or ASA) is a bilateral agreement to allow international commercial air transport services between signatories. The bilateral system has its basis...
symmetry which are possible in body plans. These are radial (cylindrical), bilateral, biradial and spherical symmetry. While the classification of viruses...
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal...
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria is a genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance that causes a cortical malformation. Our brain has...
the relations towards bilateralism. Its foreign policy establishment ruled out going to a neutral expert. In further bilateral talks in October 1976,...
A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state...
(USO). When both ovaries and both fallopian tubes are removed, the term bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is used. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy...
ONH can be unilateral (in one eye) or bilateral (in both eyes), although it presents most often bilaterally (80%). Because the unilateral cases tend...
therapy while engaging in side-to-side eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation. It is also used for some other psychological conditions....
does not happen often and could impair a country. The second type is a bilateral trade agreement, when signed by two parties, where each party may be a...
kidneys. An inguinal orchiectomy can be either unilateral (one testicle) or bilateral (both testicles). The surgeon makes an incision in the groin area (in...
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