Global InformationBidirectional traffic information
In transportation infrastructure, a bidirectional traffic system divides travellers into two streams of traffic that flow in opposite directions.[1]
In the design and construction of tunnels, bidirectional traffic can markedly affect ventilation considerations.[2]
Microscopic traffic flow models have been proposed for bidirectional automobile, pedestrian, and railway traffic.[3] Bidirectional traffic can be observed in ant trails[4] which have been researched for insight into human traffic models.[5] In a macroscopic theory proposed by Laval, the interaction between fast and slow vehicles conforms to the Newell kinematic wave model of moving bottlenecks.[6]
In air traffic control traffic is normally separated by elevation, with east bound flights at odd thousand feet elevations and west bound flights at even thousand feet elevations (1000 ft ≈ 305m). Above 28,000 ft (~8.5 km) only odd flight levels are used, with FL 290, 330, 370, etc., for eastbound flights and FL 310, 350, 390, etc., for westbound flights.[7] Entry to and exit from airports is always one-way traffic, as runways are chosen to allow aircraft to take off and land into the wind, to reduce ground speed.[8] Even in no wind cases, a preferred calm wind runway and direction is normally chosen and used by all flights, to avoid collisions.[9] In uncontrolled airports, airport information can be obtained from anyone at the airport. Traffic follows a specific traffic pattern, with designated entry and exits. Radio announcements are made, whether anyone is listening or not, to allow any other traffic to be aware of other traffic in the area.[10]
In the earliest days of railways in the United Kingdom, most lines were built double tracked because of the difficulty of coordinating operations in pre-telegraphy times.
Most modern roads carry bidirectional traffic, although one-way traffic is common in dense urban centres.[citation needed] Bidirectional traffic flow is believed to influence the rate of traffic collisions. In an analysis of head-on, rear-end, and lane-changing collisions based on the Simon-Gutowitz bidirectional traffic model, it was concluded that "the risk of collisions is important when the density of cars in one lane is small and ... the other lane['s] is high enough," and that "heavy vehicles cause an important reduction of traffic flow on the home lane and provoke an increase of the risk of car accident."[11]
Bidirectional traffic is the most common form of flow observed in trails, however, some larger pedestrian concourses exhibit multidirectional traffic.[12]
- ^ Moussa, Najem (2008-11-10). "Simon–Gutowitz bidirectional traffic model revisited". Physics Letters A. 372 (45): 6701–6704. arXiv:0903.1345. Bibcode:2008PhLA..372.6701M. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2008.08.081. S2CID 17577121.
- ^ Pursall, B. R.; King, Alan Leslie (1976). "The aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels: a state of the art review and bibliography". BHRA Fluid Engineering. 2: 236. ISBN 978-0-900983-62-7.
- ^ Simon, P. M.; H. A. Gutowitz (February 1998). "Cellular automaton model for bidirectional traffic". Physical Review E. 57 (2): 2441–2444. arXiv:cond-mat/9801024. Bibcode:1998PhRvE..57.2441S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.57.2441. S2CID 118276303.
- ^ Burd, Martin; N. Aranwela (February 2003). "Head-on encounter rates and walking speed of foragers in leaf-cutting ant traffic". Insectes Sociaux. 50 (1). Birkhäuser Basel: 3–8. doi:10.1007/s000400300001. S2CID 23876486.
- ^ John, Alexander; Andreas Schadschneider; Debashish Chowdhury; Katsuhiro Nishinari (March 2008). "Characteristics of ant-inspired traffic flow". Swarm Intelligence. 2 (1). Springer New York: 25–41. arXiv:0903.1434. doi:10.1007/s11721-008-0010-8. S2CID 18350336.
- ^ Laval, Jorge (December 2006). "A macroscopic theory of two-lane rural roads" (PDF). Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. 40 (10): 937–944. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2006.03.002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-20. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ "airways and aircraft separation". www.pilotfriend.com.
- ^ Relative Velocity
- ^ "Calm Wind Runways" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ^ "Operations at nontowered airports" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ^ Moussa, Najem (2009). "Simulation study of traffic accidents in bidirectional traffic models". International Journal of Modern Physics C. 21 (12): 1501–1515. arXiv:0905.4252. Bibcode:2010IJMPC..21.1501M. doi:10.1142/S0129183110016007. S2CID 16610321.
- ^ Blue, Victor; Jeffrey Adler (1999). "Cellular automata microsimulation of bidirectional pedestrian flows" (PDF). Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 1678 (1). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies: 135–141. doi:10.3141/1678-17. S2CID 110675891. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09.