Ratio of regional to local species diversity in ecology
In ecology, beta diversity (β-diversity or true beta diversity) is the ratio between regional and local species diversity. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker[1] together with the terms alpha diversity (α-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (γ) is determined by two different things: the mean species diversity at the local level (α) and the differentiation among local sites (β). Other formulations for beta diversity include "absolute species turnover", "Whittaker's species turnover" and "proportional species turnover".[citation needed]
Whittaker proposed several ways of quantifying differentiation, and subsequent generations of ecologists have invented more. As a result, there are now many defined types of beta diversity.[2][3] Some use beta diversity to refer to any of several indices related to compositional heterogeneity.[4][5][6] Confusion is avoided by using distinct names for other formulations.[2][3][7][8][9][10]
Beta diversity as a measure of species turnover overemphasizes the role of rare species as the difference in species composition between two sites or communities is likely reflecting the presence and absence of some rare species in the assemblages. Beta diversity can also be a measure of nestedness, which occurs when species assemblages in species-poor sites are a subset of the assemblages in more species-rich sites.[11] Moreover, pairwise beta diversity are inadequate in building all biodiversity partitions (some partitions in a Venn diagram of 3 or more sites cannot be expressed by alpha and beta diversity). Consequently, some macroecological and community patterns cannot be fully expressed by alpha and beta diversity. Due to these two reasons, a new way of measuring species turnover, coined Zeta diversity (ζ-diversity),[12] has been proposed and used to connect all existing incidence-based biodiversity patterns.
^Whittaker RH (1960). "Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California". Ecological Monographs. 30 (3): 279–338. Bibcode:1960EcoM...30..279W. doi:10.2307/1943563. JSTOR 1943563.
^ abTuomisto H (2010). "A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity". Ecography. 33 (1): 2–22. Bibcode:2010Ecogr..33....2T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x.
^ abTuomisto H (2010). "A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena". Ecography. 33 (1): 23–45. Bibcode:2010Ecogr..33...23T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06148.x.
^Koleff P, Gaston KJ, Lennon JJ (2003). "Measuring beta diversity for presence–absence data". Journal of Animal Ecology. 72 (3): 367–382. Bibcode:2003JAnEc..72..367K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00710.x.
^Anderson MJ, Crist TO, Chase JM, Vellend M, Inouye BD, Freestone AL, et al. (January 2011). "Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist". Ecology Letters. 14 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2011EcolL..14...19A. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01552.x. PMID 21070562.
^Gorelick R (December 2011). "Commentary: Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? The fallacy of true diversity". Oecologia. 167 (4): 885–8, discussion 903–11. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167..885G. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2124-8. PMID 21947497. S2CID 6244637.
^Tuomisto, H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4: 853–860. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0
^Jurasinski G, Koch M (December 2011). "Commentary: do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? We are on the way". Oecologia. 167 (4): 893–902, discussion 903–11. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167..893J. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2126-6. PMID 21938639. S2CID 24562429.
^Moreno CE, Rodríguez P (December 2011). "Commentary: Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Back to basics and toward a unifying framework". Oecologia. 167 (4): 889–92, discussion 903–11. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167..889M. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2125-7. PMID 21965142. S2CID 8917573.
^Tuomisto H (2011). "Commentary: do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it". Oecologia. 167 (4): 903–911. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167..903T. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2128-4. S2CID 19271108.
^Baselga A (January 2010). "Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 19 (1): 134–143. Bibcode:2010GloEB..19..134B. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x. ISSN 1466-8238.
^Hui C, McGeoch MA (2014). "Zeta diversity as a concept and metric that unifies incidence-based biodiversity patterns". American Naturalist. 184 (5): 684–694. doi:10.1086/678125. hdl:10019.1/98200. PMID 25325751. S2CID 24693167.
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