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The Right Honourable
The Earl Russell
OM FRS
Russell in 1949
Born
Bertrand Arthur William Russell
(1872-05-18)18 May 1872
Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales[a]
Died
2 February 1970(1970-02-02) (aged 97)
Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales
Education
Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1893)
Spouses
Alys Pearsall Smith
(m. 1894; div. 1921)
Dora Black
(m. 1921; div. 1935)
Patricia Spence
(m. 1936; div. 1952)
[6]
Edith Finch
(m. 1952)
Awards
De Morgan Medal (1932)
Sylvester Medal (1934)
Nobel Prize in Literature (1950)
Kalinga Prize (1957)
Jerusalem Prize (1963)
Era
20th-century philosophy
Region
Western philosophy
School
Analytic philosophy
Institutions
Trinity College, Cambridge, London School of Economics, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles
Academic advisors
James Ward[1] A. N. Whitehead
Doctoral students
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Other notable students
Raphael Demos
Main interests
Epistemology
ethics
logic
mathematics
metaphysics
philosophy
Notable ideas
Analytic philosophy
Automated reasoning
Automated theorem proving
Axiom of reducibility
Barber paradox
Berry paradox
Chicken
Connective
Criticism of the coherence theory of truth
Criticism of the doctrine of internal relations/logical holism
Definite description
Descriptivist theory of names
Direct reference theory[2]
Double negation
Epistemic structural realism[3]
Existential fallacy
Failure of reference
Knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description
Logical atomism (atomic proposition)
Logical form
Mathematical beauty
Mathematical logic
Meaning
Metamathematics
Philosophical logic
Predicativism
Propositional analysis
Propositional calculus
Naive set theory
Neutral monism[4]
Paradoxes of set theory
Peano–Russell notation
Propositional formula
Self-refuting idea
Quantification
Russell–Myhill paradox
Russell's conjugation
Russell-style universes
Russell's paradox
Russell's teapot
Russell's theory of causal lines[5]
Russellian change
Russellian propositions
Russellian view (Russell's critique of Meinong's theory of objects)
Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers
Singleton
Theory of descriptions
Theory of relations
Type theory/ramified type theory
Tensor product of graphs
Unity of the proposition
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office 4 March 1931 – 2 February 1970 Hereditary peerage
Preceded by
The 2nd Earl Russell
Succeeded by
The 4th Earl Russell
Personal details
Political party
Labour (1922–1965)
Other political affiliations
Liberal (1907–1922)
Signature
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS[7] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual. He had influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, and various areas of analytic philosophy.[8]
He was one of the early 20th century's prominent logicians[8] and a founder of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, his friend and colleague G. E. Moore, and his student and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. Russell with Moore led the British "revolt against idealism".[b] Together with his former teacher A. N. Whitehead, Russell wrote Principia Mathematica, a milestone in the development of classical logic and a major attempt to reduce the whole of mathematics to logic (see Logicism). Russell's article "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy".[10]
Russell was a pacifist who championed anti-imperialism and chaired the India League.[11][12][13] He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I,[14] and initially supported appeasement against Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, before changing his view in 1943, describing war as a necessary "lesser of two evils". In the wake of World War II, he welcomed American global hegemony in preference to either Soviet hegemony or no (or ineffective) world leadership, even if it were to come at the cost of using their nuclear weapons.[15] He would later criticise Stalinist totalitarianism, condemn the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, and become an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament.[16]
In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".[17][18] He was also the recipient of the De Morgan Medal (1932), Sylvester Medal (1934), Kalinga Prize (1957), and Jerusalem Prize (1963).
^James Ward Archived 1 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
^Wettstein, Howard, "Frege-Russell Semantics?", Dialectica44(1–2), 1990, pp. 113–135, esp. 115: "Russell maintains that when one is acquainted with something, say, a present sense datum or oneself, one can refer to it without the mediation of anything like a Fregean sense. One can refer to it, as we might say, directly."
^"Structural Realism" Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine: entry by James Ladyman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^"Russellian Monism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019.
^Dowe, Phil (10 September 2007). "Causal Processes". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^Irvine, Andrew David (1 January 2015). "Bertrand Russell". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^Kreisel, G. (1973). "Bertrand Arthur William Russell, Earl Russell. 1872–1970". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 583–620. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0021. JSTOR 769574.
^ abStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Bertrand Russell" Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 1 May 2003.
^Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in, Paul Arthur Schilpp: The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, New York: Tudor, 1951, pp. 3–20.
^Ludlow, Peter. "Descriptions, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)".
^Rempel, Richard (1979). "From Imperialism to Free Trade: Couturat, Halevy and Russell's First Crusade". Journal of the History of Ideas. 40 (3). University of Pennsylvania Press: 423–443. doi:10.2307/2709246. JSTOR 2709246.
^Russell, Bertrand (1988) [1917]. Political Ideals. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10907-8.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Samoiloff, Louise Cripps. C .L. R. James: Memories and Commentaries, p. 19. Associated University Presses, 1997. ISBN 0-8453-4865-5
^Russell, Bertrand (October 1946). "Atomic Weapon and the Prevention of War". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2/7–8, (1 October 1946). p. 20.
^"The Bertrand Russell oGallery". Russell.mcmaster.ca. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 — Bertrand Russell Archived 2 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 22 March 2013.
^"British Nobel Prize Winners (1950)". 13 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 – via YouTube.
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