1683 battle between the Christian European States and the Ottomans
This article is about the 1683 battle. For the 1945 battle, see Vienna offensive. For the American Civil War battle, see Battle of Vienna, Virginia. For other uses, see Siege of Vienna.
Battle of Vienna
Part of the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and the Polish–Ottoman War
Battle of Vienna, 12 September 1683
Date
14 July 1683 – 12 September 1683 (1 month, 4 weeks and 1 day)[2]
Location
Wien, Holy Roman Empire (now Vienna, Austria)
Result
Christian Coalition victory[2]
Siege of Vienna lifted
Ottomans suffer heavy losses and are severely weakened
Coalition of Christians establishes Holy League under Pope Innocent XI to further push back the Ottomans
Beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire
Territorial changes
Ottomans fail to take Vienna, Coalition (later the Holy League) forces invade territories in Hungary and the Balkans under Ottoman rule
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire
Vassal states:
Crimean Khanate
Moldavia
Transylvania
Upper Hungary
Wallachia
Holy League: Poland–Lithuania
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Monarchy
Bavaria
Saxony
Franconia
Swabia
Cossack Hetmanate Wallachia (secretly)[1]
Commanders and leaders
Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha Kara Mehmed of Diyarbakir Ibrahim of Buda Abaza Sari Hüseyin Pasha of Karahisar Murad Giray George Ducas (POW) Michael I Apafi Șerban Cantacuzino
John III Sobieski Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski Marcin Kątski Charles of Lorraine Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg Georg Rimpler † John George III Georg Friedrich of Waldeck Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria Eugene of Savoy Livio Odescalchi Șerban Cantacuzino (secretly)[1]
Strength
120,000 soldiers to 65,000 soldiers during 60 days of siege with around 60 guns[3] 90,000 to 40,000 soldiers during 60 days of siege[3]
150,000 as of 10 September 1683,[4] down from 170,000 at the start of the campaign, according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent.[5][Note 1]– alternative estimates
Approximately 150 cannons[6]
Viennese garrison: 11,000 soldiers[11] + 5,000 volunteers[11] 312 guns but only 141 operational[11] (strength on 10 September 1683)
Relief force: 65,000 soldiers with 165-200 guns[12]
18,500 Austrians[12]
28,500 Germans[12]
18,000 Poles[12]
According to Podhorodecki: 47,000 Germans and Austrians with some 112 guns[13] 27,000 Poles with 28 guns[14]
Total: 90,000 but some left behind to guard bridges near Tulln and camps, plus 2,000 Imperial cavalry (not included above) left behind the Danube.[15]
[Note 2]– alternative estimates
Casualties and losses
Casualties during the siege: 48,544 killed, 25% desertion and unknown number of deaths from diseases[3]
Casualties during the battle: 8,000–20,000[19]: 661
Captured: ~10,000[19]: 661
Casualties during the siege: 12,000[6]
Casualties during the battle: 4,500[19]: 661
3,500 dead or wounded (1,300 Poles)[20]
v
t
e
Great Turkish War
Central Europe
Vienna
Párkány
1st Esztergom
Visegrád
Vác
1st Buda
Eperjes
2nd Esztergom
Érsekújvár
Kassa
2nd Buda
Pécs
Mohács
Székesfehérvár
Szigetvár
Kanizsa
Balkans
Virovitica
Santa Maura
Vrtijeljka
Coron
Navarino
Modon
Nauplia
Patras
Acropolis of Athens
Derventa
1st Belgrade
Negroponte
Kostajnica
Batočina
1st Niš
Vidin
Skopje
Štip
Kačanik
Mytilene
2nd Niš
2nd Belgrade
Slankamen
3rd Belgrade
Petrovaradin
Oinousses
Chios
Zeytinburnu
Andros
Cenei
Olasch
Bihać
Action of 6 July 1697
Zenta
Sarajevo
Samothrace
Eastern Europe
Chițcani
1st Crimean
2nd Crimean
Zernest
Oradea
Hodów
Ustechko
Azov campaigns
Lugos
Podhajce
v
t
e
Polish-Ottoman Battles
1443-1444
Nish
Zlatitsa
Kunovica
Varna
1485-1503
Cătlăbuga
Szawrań
Kopystrzyń
Zasław
Cosmin Forest
1595
Cecora
Suceava
1612
Cornul lui Sas
1615-1616
Iași
Cornul lui Sas
1620-1621
Cecora
Khotyn
1633-1634
Sasowy Róg
Kamieniec
1667-1671
Podhajce
1672-1676
Ladyzhyn
Kamieniec Podolski
Lwów
Krasnobród
Narol
Niemirów
Komarno
Petranka
Kalush
Khotyn
Lwów
Trembowla
Wojniłów
Żurawno
1683-1699
Vienna
Párkány
Chițcani
Yazlovets
Kamenets
Novoselka
Suceava
Pererita
Targu Neamt
Hodów
Ustechko
Lwów
Podhajce
The Battle of Vienna[a] took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 12 September 1683[2] after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle was fought by the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarchy) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, both under the command of King John III Sobieski, against the Ottomans and their vassal and tributary states. The battle marked the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans. The defeat is often seen as a turning point for Ottoman expansion into Europe, after which they would gain no further ground.[21][Note 3] In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans would cede most of Ottoman Hungary to Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.[21]
The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed, and they reached Vienna after it had been relieved).[22] The Viennese garrison was led by Feldzeugmeister of the Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the senior leader, the king of Poland, John III Sobieski, who led the relief forces.
The opposing military forces were those of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states, commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Ottoman army numbered approximately 90,000[6] to 300,000[7][8][9][10] men (according to documents on the order of battle found in Kara Mustafa's tent, initial strength at the start of the campaign was 170,000 men[5]). They began the siege on 14 July 1683. Ottoman forces consisted, among other units, of 60 ortas of Janissaries (12,000 men paper-strength) with an observation army of some 70,000[23] men watching the countryside. The decisive battle took place on 12 September, after the arrival of the united relief army.
Some historians maintain that the battle marked a turning point in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, a 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires. During the 16 years following the battle, the Austrian Habsburgs would gradually conquer southern Hungary and Transylvania, largely clearing them of Ottoman forces. The battle is noted for including the largest known cavalry charge in history.
^ ab"Participarea lui Șerban Cantacuzino la cel de-al Doilea Asediul Vienei". Historia (in Romanian). 20 November 2020.
^ abcFinkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. pp. 286–87. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
^ abcCite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Forst de Battaglia, Otto (1982), Jan Sobieski, Mit Habsburg gegen die Türken, Styria Vlg. Graz, p. 215 of 1983 Polish translated edition
^ abWimmer, Jan (1983), Wiedeń 1683, MON, p. 306
^ abcdeBruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1438110251, 584.
^ abHarbottle, Thomas (1905), Dictionary of Battles, E.P. Sutton & Co, p. 262
^ abClare, Israel (1876), The Centennial Universal History: A Clear and Concise History of All Nations, with a Full History of the United States to the Close of the First 100 Years of Our National Independence., J. C. McCurdy & Co., p. 252
^ abDrane, Augusta (1858), The Knights of st. John: with The battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna., Burns and Lambert, p. 136
^ abAmerican Architect and Building News. 29.767 (1890): 145. Print.
^ abcPodhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, p. 83
^ abcdŞakul, Kahraman (2021). II. Viyana Kuşatması Yedi Ejderin Fendi (in Turkish). İstanbul: Timaş Publishing. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-6050835663.
^Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, p. 106
^Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, p. 105
^Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, pp. 83, 106
^Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 215. ISBN 978-1598844290.
^ abAustria's Wars of Emergence, Michael Hochedlinger
^The Enemy at the Gate, Andrew Wheatcroft. 2008.
^ abcCite error: The named reference Tucker was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Podhorodecki, Leszek (2001), Wiedeń 1683, Bellona, pp. 140–141
^ abcLeitsch, Walter (July 1983). "1683: The Siege of Vienna". History Today. 33 (7). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
^Davies, Norman (1982), God's Playground, a History of Poland: The Origins to 1795, Columbia University Press, p. 487
^Bruce, George (1981). Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Cite error: There are <ref group=Note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=Note}} template (see the help page). Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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