Persian army forced to withdraw from Attica, including the city of Athens
Belligerents
Greek city-states
Achaemenid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Eurybiades
Themistocles
Xerxes I of Persia
Tetramnestos
Artemisia I of Caria
Achaemenes
Ariabignes †
Damasithymos †
Strength
371–378 ships[i]
~900–1207 ships[ii]
600–800 ships[iii]
400–700 ships[iv]
Casualties and losses
40 ships
300 ships
^Herodotus gives 378 ships of the alliance, but his numbers add up to 371.[2]
^As suggested by several ancient sources
^Modern estimates[3][4][5]
^Modern estimates[6]
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Location of the naval battle of Salamis within modern Greece
v
t
e
Second Persian invasion of Greece
Thermopylae
Artemisium
Athens
Salamis
Potidaea
Olynthus
Plataea
Mycale
The Battle of Salamis (/ˈsæləmɪs/sal-ə-MISS) was a naval battle fought in 480 BC, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes. It resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, and marked the high point of the second Persian invasion of Greece. It was arguably the largest naval battle of the ancient world,[7] and marked a turning point in the invasion.[8]
To block the Persian advance, a small force of Greeks blocked the pass of Thermopylae, while an Athenian-dominated allied navy engaged the Persian fleet in the nearby straits of Artemisium. In the resulting Battle of Thermopylae, the rearguard of the Greek force was annihilated, while in the Battle of Artemisium the Greeks suffered heavy losses and retreated after the loss at Thermopylae. This allowed the Persians to conquer Phocis, Boeotia, Attica and Euboea. The allies prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth while the fleet was withdrawn to nearby Salamis Island.
Although heavily outnumbered, the Greeks were persuaded by Athenian general Themistocles to bring the Persian fleet to battle again, in the hope that a victory would prevent naval operations against the Peloponnese. Persian king Xerxes was also eager for a decisive battle. As a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles (which included a message directly sent to Xerxes letting him know that much of the Greek fleet was stationed at Salamis), the Persian navy rowed into the Straits of Salamis and tried to block both entrances. In the cramped waters, the great Persian numbers were an active hindrance, as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganized. Seizing the opportunity, the Greek fleet formed in line and achieved a decisive victory.
Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. The following year the remainder of the Persian army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale. The Persians made no further attempts to conquer the Greek mainland. The battles of Salamis and Plataea thus mark a turning point in the course of the Greco-Persian Wars as a whole; from then onward, the Greek poleis would take the offensive.
^Gongaki (2021).
^Cite error: The named reference VIII48 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 1971
^Demetrius, 1998
^Lazenby p.174
^Roisman, Joseph (2011). Yardley, J.C. (ed.). Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: The Evidence. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 235. ISBN 978-1405127769. Herodotus (7.89.1) estimates that the Persians altogether had 1,207 ships, which modern historians cut to between 400 and 700 ships.
^Krentz, Peter (2020-09-24). "Battle of Salamis: 480 BC". oxfordbibliographies.com. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0196. ISBN 978-0-19-979127-9. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
^Beaton, Roderick (2021). The Greeks: A Global History (1st ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 112. ISBN 9781541618299.
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