Balkanatolia information

For some 10 million years until the end of the Eocene, Balkanatolia was an island continent or a series of islands, separate from Asia and also from Western Europe. The area now comprises approximately the modern Balkans and Anatolia. Fossil mammals from this area are distinct from the mammal fauna of either western Europe or Asia.

In southeastern Europe, Eocene finds of Amynodontidae, Hyracodontidae, Brontotheriidae, and Anthracotheriidae have affinities to Asian, but not western European, forms. This Asian-related fauna in Balkanatolia remained distinct from the fauna of Western Europe for as much as 10 million years before the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, the Grande Coupure when Antarctic glaciation began, sea levels fell and land migration to Western Europe became possible; the endemic western European fauna disappeared and was largely replaced by Asian forms.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Some of these Asian forms may have arrived in Western Europe from Balkanatolia.^[6]

Fossils of bachitheriids^[7]^[1] and cricetid rodents^[8] in the Balkans indicate that invasive mammals from Asia began to colonize the southeastern Europe element of Balkanatolia in the middle or late Eocene, sometime between the Lutetian and the Priabonian stages.

Within Balkanatolia the fauna of southeastern Europe also differed from that of Anatolia; this might be an artefact of the research process to date, but there may have been internal barriers to movement between eastern and western Balkanatolia.^[6]

^ ^a ^b Tissier, Jérémy; Becker, Damien; Codrea, Vlad; Costeur, Loïc; Fărcaş, Cristina; Solomon, Alexandru; Venczel, Marton; Maridet, Olivier (18 April 2018). "New data on Amynodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Eastern Europe: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications around the Eocene-Oligocene transition". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0193774. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1393774T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193774. PMC 5905962. PMID 29668673.
^ Koch, A (1897). "Prohyracodon orientalis, ein neues Ursaugethier aus den mitteleocenen Schichten Siebenbürgens". Természetrajzi Füzetek. 20: 481–500.
^ Kretzoi, M (1940). "Alttertiäre Perissodactylen aus Ungarn". Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici. 33: 87–98.
^ Nikolov, Ivan; Heissig, Kurt (1985). "Fossile Säugetiere aus dem Obereozän und Unteroligozän Bulgariens und ihre Bedeutung für die Palaeogeographie". Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie. 25: 61–79.
^ Grandi, Federica; Bona, Fabio (September 2017). "Prominatherium dalmatinum from the late Eocene of Grancona (Vicenza, NE Italy). The oldest terrestrial mammal of the Italian peninsula". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 16 (7): 738–745. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.04.002. hdl:2434/891025.
^ ^a ^b Licht, Alexis; Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; İbilioğlu, Deniz; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (1 March 2022). "Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 226: 103929. Bibcode:2022ESRv..22603929L. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929.
^ Mennecart, Bastien; Radović, Predrag (2018). "New data on the earliest European ruminant (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): A revision of the fossil mandible from Rusce in the Pčinja basin (late Eocene, Southeastern Serbia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3). doi:10.26879/883.
^ de Bruijn, Hans; Marković, Zoran; Wessels, Wilma; Milivojević, Miloš; van de Weerd, Andrew A. (1 September 2018). "Rodent faunas from the Paleogene of south-east Serbia". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 98 (3): 441–458. doi:10.1007/s12549-017-0305-0. PMC 6417383. PMID 30956713.

[Tissier_Becker_Codrea_2018-1] Tissier, Jérémy; Becker, Damien; Codrea, Vlad; Costeur, Loïc; Fărcaş, Cristina; Solomon, Alexandru; Venczel, Marton; Maridet, Olivier (18 April 2018). "New data on Amynodontidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Eastern Europe: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications around the Eocene-Oligocene transition". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0193774. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1393774T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193774. PMC 5905962. PMID 29668673.

[2] Koch, A (1897). "Prohyracodon orientalis, ein neues Ursaugethier aus den mitteleocenen Schichten Siebenbürgens". Természetrajzi Füzetek. 20: 481–500.

[3] Kretzoi, M (1940). "Alttertiäre Perissodactylen aus Ungarn". Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici. 33: 87–98.

[4] Nikolov, Ivan; Heissig, Kurt (1985). "Fossile Säugetiere aus dem Obereozän und Unteroligozän Bulgariens und ihre Bedeutung für die Palaeogeographie". Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie. 25: 61–79.

[5] Grandi, Federica; Bona, Fabio (September 2017). "Prominatherium dalmatinum from the late Eocene of Grancona (Vicenza, NE Italy). The oldest terrestrial mammal of the Italian peninsula". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 16 (7): 738–745. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.04.002. hdl:2434/891025.

[Licht_Métais_Coster_2022-6] Licht, Alexis; Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; İbilioğlu, Deniz; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (1 March 2022). "Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 226: 103929. Bibcode:2022ESRv..22603929L. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929.

[7] Mennecart, Bastien; Radović, Predrag (2018). "New data on the earliest European ruminant (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): A revision of the fossil mandible from Rusce in the Pčinja basin (late Eocene, Southeastern Serbia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3). doi:10.26879/883.

[8] Bruijn, Hans; Marković, Zoran; Wessels, Wilma; Milivojević, Miloš; van de Weerd, Andrew A. (1 September 2018). "Rodent faunas from the Paleogene of south-east Serbia". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 98 (3): 441–458. doi:10.1007/s12549-017-0305-0. PMC 6417383. PMID 30956713.

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