Confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure
For the water source in Australia, see Great Artesian Basin.
Artesian aquifer scheme:
Aquifer
Impervious strata
Infiltration area
Artesian well
Saturation level
Subartesian well
Artesian spring
Geological strata giving rise to an artesian wellSchematic of an artesian wellU.S. Navy Seabees tapping an artesian well in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
An artesian well is a well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock and/or sediment known as an aquifer.[1] When trapped water in an aquifer is surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay, which apply positive pressure to the water, it is known as an artesian aquifer.[1] If a well were to be sunk into an artesian aquifer, water in the well-pipe would rise to a height corresponding to the point where hydrostatic equilibrium is reached.[1]
A well drilled into such an aquifer is called an artesian well.[1] If water reaches the ground surface under the natural pressure of the aquifer, the well is termed a flowing artesian well.[2][3]
Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks, similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.
Artesian well near the Myllylähde spring in Alastaro, Finland
Not all aquifers are artesian (i.e., water table aquifers occur where the groundwater level at the top of the aquifer is at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure). The recharging of aquifers happens when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.
^ abcd"Artesian Water and Artesian Wells". www.usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
^Wheeler, H. W (1980), Artesian bores of South Australia : an annotated photographic record, 1939-1948, Pioneer Books, ISBN 978-0-908065-06-6
^Federal Water Resources Assistance Program (Australia); New South Wales. Department of Water Resources. Technical Services Division; Australian Water Resources Council. Interstate Working Group on the Great Artesian Basin (1990), Specification for construction, reconditioning or plugging of bores tapping recognised aquifers of the Great Artesian Basin in New South Wales (1st ed.), Dept. of Water Resources, Technical Services Division, retrieved 19 January 2014
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