International Telecommunication Union (Radio Regulations)
World Radiocommunication Conference
Radiation sources / regions
Boresight
Focal cloud
Ground plane
Main lobe
Near and far field
Side lobe
Vertical plane
Characteristics
Array gain
Directivity
Efficiency
Electrical length
Equivalent radius
Factor
Friis transmission equation
Gain
Height
Radiation pattern
Radiation resistance
Radio propagation
Radio spectrum
Signal-to-noise ratio
Spurious emission
Techniques
Beam steering
Beam tilt
Beamforming
Small cell
Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST)
Massive Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
Reconfiguration
Spread spectrum
Wideband Space Division Multiple Access (WSDMA)
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In array antenna systems, array gain is the measure of the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved by the array. It is calculated as the SNR of the array output signal divided by the SNR of the array input signal. Intuitively, the array gain is realized by the fact that the signal is coherently added from N array elements, while the noise is incoherently added from those same elements. If the noise is presumed to be uncorrelated the array gain is ≤ N, the number of array elements, and the array gain reduces to the inverse of the square of the 2-norm of the array weight vector, under the assumption that the weight vector is normalized such that its sum is unity, so that
For a uniformly weighted array (un-tapered such that all elements contribute equally), the array gain is equal to N.[1]
Array gain is not the same thing as "gain," "power gain," "directive gain," or "directivity," but if the noise environment around the array is isotropic and the array input signal is from an isotropic radiator, then array gain is equal to gain defined in the usual way from the array beam pattern. The terms "power gain" and "directive gain" are deprecated by IEEE.[2]
^Van Trees, H.L.; , Optimum Array Processing, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2002.
^IEEE Std 145-2013, IEEE Standard for Definitions of Terms for Antennas.
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