For other uses, see Armand Hammer (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Arm & Hammer, arm and hammer, Armand Hammer (music group), or Armie Hammer.
Armand Hammer
Hammer in 1982
Born
(1898-05-21)May 21, 1898
New York City, U.S.
Died
December 10, 1990(1990-12-10) (aged 92)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma mater
Columbia University (B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921)
Occupation
Business magnate
Spouses
Olga Vadina von Root
(m. 1927; div. 1943)
Angela Carey Zevely
(div. 1954)
Frances Barrett Tolman
(m. 1956; died 1989)
Children
Julian Armand Hammer
Relatives
Victor Hammer (brother)
Casey Hammer (granddaughter)
Michael Hammer (grandson)
Armie Hammer (great-grandson)
Victor Hammer (great-grandson)
Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898[1]: 16 – December 10, 1990) was an American business manager and owner. He spent decades with Occidental Petroleum in the mid 20th century.[2] Called "Lenin's chosen capitalist" by the press, he was also known for his art collection and his close ties to the Soviet Union.[3][4][5]
Hammer's business interests around the world and his "citizen diplomacy" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates.
^Cite error: The named reference Untold was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation". FundingUniverse. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
^Epstein 1996, p. 9.
^"Lenin's capitalist friend". The Economist. No. 6558. London. May 3, 1969. p. 76.
^"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade". Christian Science Monitor. July 3, 1980. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
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